Oxalis corniculata Linn./ Indian Sorrel/ Changeri – Medicinal Properties, Benefits & Dosage

Abstract

Oxalis corniculata Linn., a member of the family Oxalidaceae, is a medicinal creeping herb widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. It is commonly known as creeping wood sorrel, and it grows abundantly in human-inhabited areas, gardens, roadsides, and warmer parts of India, including the Himalayan region up to about 2500 m altitude. The plant has a characteristic sour taste due to the presence of organic acids such as oxalic, ascorbic, citric, tartaric acids, along with essential fatty acids, including palmitic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and stearic acids. Traditionally, it has been used in various systems of medicine for managing ailments like diarrhoea, dysentery, piles, skin disorders, and imbalances of kapha and vata. Its growth is influenced by soil and climatic conditions, and it commonly thrives in moist, shaded environments. The plant is recognised for its diverse phytochemical composition and its potential health-promoting properties.

Classical References Of Oxalis Corniculata Linn./ Indian Sorrel/ Changeri

• Bhavprakash Nighantu Shaaka varga
• Raj Nighantu Mulakadi, Parpatadi, Guduchyadi varga

Scientific Classification Of Oxalis Corniculata Linn./ Indian Sorrel/ Changeri

• Kingdom: Plantae
• Division: Magnoliophyta
• Class: Magnoliopsida
• Order: Oxalidales
• Family: Oxalidaceae
• Genus: Oxalis
• Species: corniculata
• Botanical Name: Oxalis corniculata Linn.

Synonym Of Oxalis Corniculata Linn./ Indian Sorrel/ Changeri

1. Kshudra Amlika

Means small sour plant; refers to its small size and acidic taste.

2. Lonika

Denotes a plant with a characteristic sour or salty taste.

3. Amlalonika

Indicates a strongly sour-tasting herb due to acidic constituents.

4. Lola

Suggests spreading or creeping growth habit of the plant.

5. Chatushparni

Means four-leafed; refers to its compound leaf appearance.

6. Dantasatha

Indicates it may cause a tingling sensation in the teeth because of sourness.

7. Amlapatrika

Means sour leaves; highlights the acidic taste of the foliage.

8. Sunishannachada

Leaves resemble those of the Sunishannaka plant.

9. Chukrika

Refers to a sour-tasting herb, often associated with tangy leaves.

10. Ashmantaka

Suggests a hardy plant that can grow even in stony or rough places.

11. Shafari

Indicates a delicate, spreading herb with small leaves.

12. Kushli

Implies a soft, creeping plant commonly found in moist habitats.

Vernacular Names Of Oxalis Corniculata Linn./ Indian Sorrel/ Changeri

• English Names: Indian Sorrel, Yellow Wood Sorrel, Creeping Wood Sorrel, Creeping Oxalis, Creeping Lady’s Sorrel, Procumbent Yellow Sorrel
• Hindi Names: Teen Pattia, Amrul, Changeri
• Tamil Name: Paliakiri
• Bengali Name: Amrul
• Gujarati Names: Ambolee, Changeri
• Kannada Names: Pullamouradi, Sivargee
• Malayalam Name: Pulliparel
• Marathi Names: Ambutee, Ambatee
• Telugu Name: Pulichinta
• Urdu Names: Teen Patiya, Changeri
• Arabic Name: Hhamdid
• French Names: Alleluia, Oxalis corniculée
• German Names: Gelber Sauerklee, Gehornter Sauerklee
• Italian Name: Ossalide corniculata
• Nepalese Name: Caremalaa
• Portuguese Names: Azedinha, Erva-azedo
• Spanish Names: Acederilla, Vinagrera
• Turkish Name: Eksi Yonca
• Brazilian Name: Trevo-azedo
• Chinese Name: Cu-jiang-cao
• Fiji Name: Matakonikoni
• Philippines Names: Salamagi, Kanapa
• Swedish Name: Krpoxalis

Habitat Of Oxalis Corniculata Linn./ Indian Sorrel/ Changeri

Oxalis corniculata Linn. is a low-growing, delicate herbaceous medicinal plant widely distributed in gardens, parks, roadsides, yards, and other human-inhabited areas. It commonly occurs throughout the warmer regions of India and extends into the Himalayan areas up to about 2500 m altitude. The plant is also widely found across tropical and temperate regions, including the West Indies, and North, Central, and South America. It is particularly common in Florida and other parts of the United States, including eastern seaport towns, Ontario, and Texas. Due to its extensive distribution, it is often regarded as a cosmopolitan weed of the Old World as well.

Morphology Of Oxalis Corniculata Linn./ Indian Sorrel/ Changeri

Oxalis corniculata is a small herbaceous plant with a bushy, mat-forming growth habit, often spreading along the ground. The upper parts of the plant are weakly erect, smooth to slightly hairy, with branching stems that root at the nodes. Leaves are trifoliate, thin, and heart-shaped with a characteristic apical notch, arranged alternately along the stem and showing reticulate venation. The stem is slender, slightly hairy, usually with internodes about 5–9 cm long, and has a sour taste with a mild acidic odour. The roots are thin, dark brown, branched, soft, and generally odourless. Flowers are small, about 6–12 mm wide, with five yellow petals. The fruits are cylindrical, pointed capsules about 1–1.5 cm long, containing oval, flattened, light-brown seeds with a distinctly ridged surface. The plant also produces stolons that aid in its spreading growth.

Classical Categorisation Of Oxalis Corniculata Linn./ Indian Sorrel/ Changeri

• According to Charaka Samhita: Shaaka Varga
• According to Sushrut Samhita: Shaaka Varga
• According to Vagbhata: Shaaka Varga
• According to Dhanwantari Nighantu: Amradi Varga
• According to Bhavprakash Nighantu: Shaaka varga
• According to Raj Nighantu: Mulakadi, Parpatadi, Guduchyadi varga

Ancient Verse Of Oxalis Corniculata Linn./ Indian Sorrel/ Changeri

चाङ्गेरी चुक्रिका दन्तशठाम्बष्ठाऽम्ललोणिका ।
अश्मन्त्तकस्तु शफरी कुशली चाम्लपत्रकः ॥
चाङ्गेरी दीपनी रुच्या रूक्षोष्णा कफवातनुत् ।
पित्तलाऽम्ला ग्रहण्यर्शः कुष्ठातीसारनाशिनी ॥
(Bhavprakash Nighantu Shaaka varga 23-24)

According to the above shloka, the Sanskrit names of Tinpatiya include Changeri, Chukrika, Dantashatha, Ambastha, Amlalonika, Ashmantaka, Shafari, Kushali, and Amlapatraka. Changeri is described as having a sour taste, stimulating digestion, improving appetite, and possessing dry and heating qualities. It is considered capable of increasing pitta while helping alleviate kapha and vata disorders, and is traditionally used in conditions such as grahani (digestive disorders), piles, skin diseases, and diarrhoea.

क्षुद्राम्ली च रसे साम्ला सोष्णा सा वह्निवर्द्धनी ।
रुचिकृग्रहणीदोष-दुर्नामघ्नी कफापहा ।।
(Raj Nighantu Parpatadi varga 102)

According to the above shloka, it possesses a sour taste (Amla rasa) and hot potency (Ushna virya), which help stimulate appetite and improve digestion. It is beneficial in conditions like chronic colitis, sprue, and piles, and is known to help reduce Kapha disorders.

चांगेरीशाकमत्युष्णं कटु रोचनपाचनम् ।
दीपनं कफवातार्शः संग्रहण्यतिसारजित् ।।
(Raj Nighantu Mulkadi varga 148)

Changeri Shaka is very hot in potency, pungent, appetising, and digestive in nature. It supports the digestive process and is helpful in managing Kapha and Vata disorders, piles, chronic colitis Sangrahani), and diarrhoea.

क्षुद्राम्लिका तु चाङ्गेरी लोणिका चाम्ललोणिका।
लोला लोणा चतुष्पर्णी सैव दन्तशड़ा मता ॥
चाङ्गेरी कफवातघ्नी ग्राहिण्युष्णा च पित्तकृत् ।
ग्रहणण्यर्शोविकारघ्नी सामवाते कफे हिता ॥
(Dhanwantari Nighantu Amradi varga 30-31)

According to the above shloka, the plant known by synonyms such as Changeri, Lonika, Amlalonika, Lola, Lona, Catushaparni, and Dantashatha is characterised by a hot potency and styptic action. It helps balance Vata and Kapha doshas while slightly increasing Pitta. Traditionally, it is valued for improving digestive function and is used in conditions like malabsorption syndrome, haemorrhoids, and certain rheumatic disorders.

Ayurvedic Properties Of Oxalis Corniculata Linn./ Indian Sorrel/ Changeri

• Taste (Rasa)- Sour (Amla)
• Physical property (Guna) - Dry (Ruksha)
• Potency (Veerya )- Hot Potency (Usna)
• Effect on tridosha– Balance Vata and Kapha dosha

Therapeutic Indications Of Oxalis Corniculata Linn./ Indian Sorrel/ Changeri

• Kapha-Marute Hita – Beneficial in Kapha and Vata disorders.
• Grahani – Helpful in malabsorption conditions and digestive weakness.
• Arsha – Traditionally useful in haemorrhoids.
• Kinchit Kashaya – Slightly astringent in nature.
• Agnideepani – Enhances digestive fire and appetite.
• Pittakrut – Tends to increase Pitta.
• Saamavate Hita – Beneficial in conditions like rheumatoid arthritis.
• Kaphe Hita – Supports the management of Kapha-related disorders.
• Laghu – Light and easy to digest.
• Atisara Hanti – Useful in managing diarrhoea.
• Kushtanashani – Traditionally beneficial in skin diseases.

Systemic Actions Of Oxalis Corniculata Linn./ Indian Sorrel/ Changeri

• External Uses– Possesses analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties; shows a scraping action on tissues and is traditionally used in headache, inflammatory wounds, and certain eye conditions such as pterygium and scleral inflammation.
• Internal Uses–
• Nervous System – Its juice is traditionally used in intoxication to help restore consciousness.
• Digestive System – Absorbent, carminative, digestive, and liver-stimulating; indicated in anorexia, loss of appetite, malabsorption syndrome, haemorrhoids, and rectal prolapse.
• Circulatory System – Provides cardioprotective and styptic effects; useful in bleeding disorders due to its astringent nature.
• Satmikarana – Considered to have anti-poisonous properties and traditionally used in cases of datura poisoning.
• Tapakrama – Cooling in nature, helps relieve burning sensations and is indicated in certain recurrent fevers such as chaturthaka jvara (recurrent quartan-type fevers).

Chemical Composition Of Oxalis Corniculata Linn./ Indian Sorrel/ Changeri

• Contains secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, steroids, volatile oils, and carbohydrates.
• Rich in essential fatty acids, including palmitic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and stearic acids.
• Leaves contain phenolic acids like p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, syringic, caffeic, and p-coumaric acids.
• Organic acids present include oxalic, tartaric, citric, and malic acids, responsible for its sour taste.
• Flavonoids such as apigenin, quercetin, vitexin, isovitexin, orientin, and luteolin derivatives are abundant.
• Contains phytosterols, including β-sitosterol and triterpenoids like betulin.
• Methanolic extracts show proteins, amino acids, fiber, calcium, carbohydrates, and volatile oils.
• Nutritional minerals include calcium, iron, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, nitrogen, and magnesium.
• Leaves are rich in Vitamin C, carotene, crude lipids, and moisture content.
• The plant is a good source of antioxidants due to polyphenols and flavonoids.
• Essential oils and aromatic compounds contribute to medicinal properties and characteristic odour.

Actions And Properties Of Various Chemical Constituents Of Oxalis Corniculata Linn./ Indian Sorrel/ Changeri

1. For Piles

The management of piles (haemorrhoids) with Oxalis corniculata (creeping wood sorrel) is mainly due to its rich phytochemical content that provides anti-inflammatory, astringent, antioxidant, and healing effects. Flavonoids such as vitexin, isovitexin, quercetin, and apigenin help strengthen blood vessels, improve venous tone, and reduce inflammation and congestion in hemorrhoidal tissues. Tannins exert an astringent and styptic effect, helping to shrink swollen tissues and control bleeding. Phenolic compounds and polyphenols reduce oxidative stress, thereby easing irritation and inflammation. Essential fatty acids support tissue repair and overall healing, while organic acids like tartaric, citric, and malic acids aid digestion and indirectly help relieve hemorrhoidal symptoms. Together, these actions reduce swelling, stop bleeding, promote healing, and provide symptomatic relief in piles.

2. For Diabetes

The antidiabetic effects of Oxalis corniculata (creeping wood sorrel) are largely due to its rich phytochemical profile, including flavonoids, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and acidic polysaccharides. Flavonoids like isovitexin and vitexin-2″-O-D-glucopyranoside provide antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and blood sugar-lowering effects, while phenolic acids and tannins protect pancreatic cells from oxidative damage. The novel triazole alkaloid Aspergillus triazolate A inhibits β-glucosidase, reducing carbohydrate breakdown and absorption, and acidic polysaccharides further decrease oxidative stress. Organic acids such as citric and tartaric acids contribute to metabolic regulation. Overall, the plant helps lower blood glucose by inhibiting digestive enzymes, enhancing antioxidant defences via the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, and potentially supporting pancreatic cell regeneration, thereby managing hyperglycemia and diabetic complications effectively.

3. Anti-Epileptic Activity

The anti-epileptic effects of Oxalis corniculata (creeping wood sorrel) are primarily attributed to its rich flavonoid content, particularly vitexin and isovitexin, which help elevate Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in the brain. Studies show that methanolic extracts of the plant (MEOC) increase inhibitory neurotransmitters like GABA and monoamines such as dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline, helping stabilise neuronal activity. In seizure models like Maximal Electroshock (MES) and Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), MEOC significantly reduces convulsion duration, demonstrating anticonvulsant activity. The plant’s antioxidant compounds further support neuroprotection by reducing oxidative stress and modulating GABAergic transmission. Additional components, including essential fatty acids, phenolic acids, and minerals like calcium and magnesium, enhance its neuroprotective and anticonvulsant effects, collectively reducing neuronal excitability and seizures.

4. For Chronic Colitis

The management of chronic colitis with Oxalis corniculata is largely due to its potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant phytochemicals, including flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol, isovitexin, vitexin-2″-O-β-D-glucopyranoside), phenolic acids like caffeic acid, and acidic polysaccharides such as OCP-3. Flavonoids inhibit NF-κB activation, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes like COX-2 and iNOS, while acidic polysaccharides and phenolic acids protect colonic tissues from oxidative damage. Glycosyl flavones in the leaves further enhance antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, alleviating intestinal inflammation. Essential fatty acids and tannins contribute to overall metabolic regulation and tissue healing. Experimental studies show that the plant extract lowers malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, restores antioxidant enzymes like catalase and superoxide dismutase, and significantly reduces colonic damage, collectively helping to manage chronic colitis effectively.

Practical Uses / Health Benefits Of Oxalis Corniculata Linn./ Indian Sorrel/ Changeri

• Apply leaf paste on snake bites as an antidote.
• Use leaf paste or juice to counteract poisoning from datura seeds, mercury, or arsenic.
• Apply leaf paste on burns and insect bites for healing.
• Mix leaf juice with onion extract to remove warts and corns.
• Crush leaves to reduce inflammation and swelling.
• Use leaf juice as eye drops to relieve irritation and conjunctivitis.
• Infuse leaves to reduce the opacity of the cornea and soothe itching eyelids.
• Boil plant parts with buttermilk to aid digestion and treat diarrhoea.
• Use as an appetiser to help with dyspepsia, piles, and anaemia.
• Drink leaf juice to support liver function and treat jaundice.
• Infuse leaves to reduce low-grade and high-grade fevers.
• Apply leaf paste on the forehead to relieve headaches.
• Mix leaf extract with oil and massage to help relieve insomnia.
• Use whole plant parts as a remedy for scurvy.

Parts Used Of Oxalis Corniculata Linn./ Indian Sorrel/ Changeri

• Whole plant

Dosage Of Oxalis Corniculata Linn./ Indian Sorrel/ Changeri

• Powder- 3-6 gms
• Juice- 10-20 ml

Classical Products Of Oxalis Corniculata Linn./ Indian Sorrel/ Changeri

• Kukutandrwak Bhasma
• Changeryadi Ghritam

Planet Ayurveda Products With Oxalis Corniculata Linn./ Indian Sorrel/ Changeri

• Kukutandrwak Bhasma

Conclusion

Oxalis corniculata Linn., commonly known as Indian Sorrel or Changeri, is a versatile medicinal herb with a wide range of therapeutic uses. It is traditionally employed in Ayurvedic and folk medicine, and its leaves, juice, and whole plant are used to treat snake bites, poisoning, skin disorders, eye problems, digestive issues, liver ailments, fever, headaches, and insomnia. It is rich in bioactive compounds. This plant exhibits anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. Its easy availability and diverse ethno-medicinal applications make it an important natural remedy for promoting general health and managing various ailments.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ’s)

1. What Is The Common Name Of Oxalis Corniculata?

The common name is Indian Sorrel or Changeri.

2. What Are The Medicinal Uses Of Oxalis Corniculata?

It is used for snake bites, poisoning, skin disorders, eye problems, digestive issues, liver ailments, fever, headaches, and insomnia.

3. What Is The Family Name Of Oxalis Corniculata?

The family name is Oxalidaceae.

4. What Is The Scientific Name Of Changeri?

The scientific name is Oxalis corniculata Linn.

Inula racemosa/ Iris germanica/ Orris Root/ Pushkarmool – Medicinal Properties, Benefits & Dosage

Abstract

Inula racemosa Hook. f., commonly known as Pushkarmool, is an important medicinal perennial herb belonging to the family Asteraceae. It is primarily distributed in the temperate alpine regions of the Himalayas, ranging from Kashmir to Kumaon and extending from Afghanistan to Central Nepal, typically at altitudes between 1,500 and 4,200 meters above sea level. The plant thrives particularly well in cold, arid environments of the north-western Himalayas, especially at elevations of 2,700–3,500 meters. Due to its extensive medicinal value and commercial demand, Pushkarmool has gained significant importance in traditional medicine systems, though its natural populations are now considered critically endangered in some regions.

Classical References Of Inula Racemosa/ Iris Germanica/ Orris Root/ Pushkarmool

• Bhavprakash Nighantu Haritkyadi varga

Scientific Classification Of Inula Racemosa/ Iris Germanica/ Orris Root/ Pushkarmool

• Kingdom – Plantae
• Subkingdom – Tracheobionta
• Super Division – Spermatophyta
• Division – Magnoliophyta
• Class – Magnoliopsida
• Subclass – Asteridae
• Order – Asterales
• Family – Asteraceae
• Genus – Inula
• Species – racemosa

Synonym Of Inula Racemosa/ Iris Germanica/ Orris Root/ Pushkarmool

• Padmapatra – Leaves resemble those of the lotus plant.
• Kashmira – Found abundantly in the Kashmir region.
• Kustha Bheda – Similar in properties or action to Kushta (Saussurea lappa).
• Poushkara
• Chiram – Refers to its long-standing therapeutic use.
• Jiham – Associated with tongue or throat-related benefits.
• Tirtha – Considered sacred or therapeutically valuable.
• Dhira – Indicates stabilizing or strengthening properties.
• Padma – Suggests lotus-like characteristics or purity.
• Puskarahva
• Brahmatirtha – Sacred medicinal herb with high therapeutic value.
• Mulam – Refers to the medicinal root part used.
• Vatahva – Helpful in balancing aggravated Vata dosha.
• Phala
• Patraka – Refers to its leaves or leaf-like characteristics.
• Viram – Suggests relief or cessation of disease symptoms.
• Svasari – Beneficial in respiratory disorders like cough or breathlessness.
• Sugandhikam – Indicates pleasant aromatic nature.

Vernacular Names Of Inula Racemosa/ Iris Germanica/ Orris Root/ Pushkarmool

• Latin Name – Inula racemosa
• English – Indian elecampane, Sunspear
• Hindi – Pushkarmool, Pokharmul
• Sanskrit – Kashmira, Poushkara, Puskara Mula, Sugandhikam, Padma
• Punjabi – Pokhar Mool
• Gujarati – Pokharmul
• Marathi – Pushkarmul, Pokhar Mool
• Assamese – Pohakarmul, Puskar
• Kannada – Pushkara Moola, Puskarmul
• Telugu – Pushkara Mulamu
• Tamil – Pushkarmulam / Puskarmulam
• Malayalam – Puskara / Puskkarmulam
• Oriya – Puskara
• Kashmiri – Poshkar
• Persian – Gharsa
• Arabic – Rasan
• Italian – Azurro, Iride Selvatica
• French – Lis Sauvage, Flambe
• German – Blaue Iris, Deutsche Lisch

Habitat Of Inula Racemosa/ Iris Germanica/ Orris Root/ Pushkarmool

Inula racemosa is mainly found in the temperate and alpine regions of the Western Himalayas, typically growing at altitudes ranging from about 5,000 to 14,000 feet. Its distribution extends from Kashmir to Kumaon and from Afghanistan to Nepal, where it thrives in cold climates and alpine scrub vegetation, particularly in areas like Ladakh (Leh). The plant prefers dry, mountainous habitats with well-drained soil and cool environmental conditions. Due to its high medicinal value, it is also cultivated in suitable Himalayan regions, although wild populations are declining because of overexploitation, habitat disturbance, and ecological competition.

Morphology Of Inula Racemosa/ Iris Germanica/ Orris Root/ Pushkarmool

Inula racemosa is a tall, robust perennial herb reaching about 30–150 cm in height, with a rough, grooved stem covered in scabrid-tomentose hairs. The basal leaves are large (about 20–45 × 12.5–20 cm), broad, elliptic to lanceolate with long stalks, while the lower leaves narrow into winged petioles; upper cauline leaves are smaller, oblong, semi-amplexicaul or stem-clasping, leathery, rough above and densely hairy beneath. The plant bears large yellow daisy-like flower heads (3.8–5 cm diameter) arranged in terminal spike-like clusters or racemes. Outer bracts are broad with triangular, recurved tips, whereas inner bracts are linear and pointed. The fruits are slender, hairless, cylindrical achenes about 4 mm long with a reddish pappus around 8 mm. The rootstock is branched with irregular fusiform roots having dull brown skin, yellowish interior, a slightly sweet camphoraceous odour, and a bitter taste; the root is the main useful medicinal part.

Special Note

There has been considerable scholarly disagreement regarding the identity of Pushkarmool. Some authors suggest that in its absence, Saussurea lappa (Kuth) may be used as a substitute, although it is unlikely that Pushkarmool was scarce in ancient times. Among modern scholars, Dr Desai identified Pushkarmool as Iris germanica, while also equating it with Balvach (Haimavati, Shvetvacha). Other scholars consider Pushkarmool to be Inula racemosa, which Dr Desai, however, regarded as Rasna, and he identified Balvach (Haimavati, Shvetvacha) as Iris versicolor. Many authors list the English name Orris Root for Pushkarmool, which botanically refers to the root of Iris florentina Linn. In markets such as Bombay, roots sold as Orris Root are often actually from Iris germanica, a closely related species with properties somewhat similar to Saussurea lappa. Some people mistakenly identify lotus root as Pushkarmool, which appears incorrect, and occasionally other substitute drugs used in place of Saussurea lappa are also taken as Pushkarmool, which is not considered appropriate.

Classical Categorisation Of Inula Racemosa/ Iris Germanica/ Orris Root/ Pushkarmool

• According to Charaka Samhita Shvashara (Herbs used to manage asthma), Hikkanigrahana (Herbs used to manage hiccups)
• According to Shushrut Samhita Phala Varga
• According to Bhavprakash Nighantu Haritkyadi varga
• According to Dhanwantari Nighantu Guduhyadi varga

Ancient Verse Of Inula Racemosa/ Iris Germanica/ Orris Root/ Pushkarmool

उक्तं पुष्करमूलं तु पौष्करं पुष्करश्च तत् ।
पद्मपत्रञ्च काश्मीरं कुष्ठभेदमिम जगुः ॥
पौष्कर कटुकं तिक्तमुक्तं वातकफज्वरान् ।
हन्ति शोथारुचिश्वासान्विशेषात्पार्श्वशूलनुत् ॥
(Bhavprakash Nighantu Haritakyadi varga 174-175)

According to the above shloka, Pohkarmool, also considered a variety related to Kuth, is known by several names such as Pushkarmool, Paushkara, Pushkara, Padmapatra, Kashmir, and Kushthabhed. It possesses a pungent and bitter taste and is traditionally used to alleviate disorders related to Vata and Kapha, fever, inflammation, loss of appetite, and respiratory problems like dyspnea. It is especially regarded as beneficial in relieving pain in the sides of the chest (parshvashool).

मूलं पुष्करमूलं च पौष्करं पुष्कराह्वयम् ।
काश्मीरं पुष्करजटा धीरं तत्पद्मपत्रकम् ॥
तिक्तं पुष्करमूलं तु कटूष्णं कफवातजित् ।
ज्वरारोचककासघ्नं शोफाष्मानविनाशनम् ॥
श्वासं हिक्कां जयत्येव सेव्यमानं शनैः शनैः ।
(Dhanwantari Nighantu Guduchyadi varga 65-66)

According to the above shloka, the herb is known by various synonyms such as Mula, Pauskara, Pushkarahvya, Kashmira, Pushkarjata, Dhira, and Padampatraka. It possesses a bitter and pungent taste with warming properties, helps pacify Vata and Kapha dosha, and acts as a febrifuge. Traditionally, it is used to manage anorexia, cough, oedema, abdominal distension, asthma, and hiccups due to its therapeutic and balancing effects on the body.

Ayurvedic Properties Of Inula Racemosa/ Iris Germanica/ Orris Root/ Pushkarmool

• Taste (Rasa) Bitter (Tikta), Pungent (Katu)
• Potency (Veerya) Hot Potency (Usna)
• Effect on tridosha Balance Vata and Kapha dosha

Therapeutic Indications Of Inula Racemosa/ Iris Germanica/ Orris Root/ Pushkarmool

• Best for respiratory issues Highly beneficial in hiccups, cough, asthma, and flank pain
• Jwarahara Helps reduce fever
• Arochakahara Improves appetite and relieves anorexia
• Kasaghna Useful in cough and cold
• Shophahara Anti-inflammatory applied externally for wounds and swelling
• Adhmanahara Relieves bloating and abdominal distension
• Shwasahara Helpful in asthma, COPD, and breathing disorders
• Hikkahara Effective in controlling hiccups
• Panduhara Supports anaemia and early liver disorders
• Respiratory support Has antihistamine and bronchodilatory effects
• Reproductive action Acts as an aphrodisiac and uterine stimulant
• Metabolic benefit Helps reduce fat and cholesterol used in weight management
• Antimicrobial action Shows antiviral and antibacterial properties

Systemic Actions Of Inula Racemosa/ Iris Germanica/ Orris Root/ Pushkarmool

External Use

Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory helps reduce foul odour, pain, and oedema. The powder may be sprinkled on wounds and applied over the flanks in asthma or respiratory discomfort.

Internal Use

1. Nervous System

Helps calm the nervous system and is beneficial in Vata-related disorders.

2. Digestive System

Acts as a carminative and digestive supports proper movement of doshas and is useful in loss of appetite, bloating, and abdominal distension.

3. Respiratory System

Pacifies Kapha dosha beneficial in cough (kasa), hiccups, breathing difficulty, pulmonary oedema, flank pain, and cough associated with tuberculosis. Also exhibits antihistamine and bronchodilatory actions.

4. Excretory System

Promotes urine output by stimulating kidney function helpful in dysuria.

5. Reproductive System

Stimulates uterine muscles, acts as an aphrodisiac, and is useful in dysmenorrhea.

6. Skin

Helpful in skin disorders and stimulates sweat gland activity.

7. Satmikarana

Supports fat metabolism (Medohara) beneficial in obesity, anaemia, and rheumatic heart conditions.

8. Tapakrama

Useful in Vata-Kapha type fever (Vatakapha jvara).

Chemical Composition Of Inula Racemosa/ Iris Germanica/ Orris Root/ Pushkarmool

1. Sesquiterpene Lactones (Major Constituents)

• Alantolactone (ALT)
• Isoalantolactone (IALT) – major component (~4:6 ratio with ALT)
• Dihydroalantolactone
• Dihydroisoalantolactone
• Inunolide and Dihydroinunolide
• Neoalantolactone, Isoalloalantolactone, Alloalantolactone
• Inunal, Isoinunal
• Alantodiene and Isoalantodiene

2. Sterols & Other Compounds

• β-Sitosterol
• Daucosterol
• D-Mannitol
• Inulin (polysaccharide)

3. Essential Oil Constituents

• Sesquiterpenoids (~60% of oil)
• Aplotaxene (Heptadeca-1,8,11,14-tetraene) – major compound
• α-Humulene, β-Farnesene, Ionone
• Phenylacetonitrile

4. Aerial Part Constituents

• Ivalin acetate
• 2-OH Alantolactone
• Costunolide derivatives and related lactones

Actions And Properties Of Various Chemical Constituents Of Inula Racemosa/ Iris Germanica/ Orris Root/ Pushkarmool

Anti-Asthmatic Activity

The anti-asthmatic effect of Inula racemosa (Pushkarmool) is mainly attributed to its sesquiterpene lactones, especially alantolactone and isoalantolactone, which possess strong anti-inflammatory and bronchodilatory properties. These compounds stabilize mast cells and inhibit histamine release, thereby reducing allergic reactions and airway inflammation associated with asthma. They also relax bronchial smooth muscles, helping to relieve bronchospasm and improve airflow. Essential oil constituents such as terpenoids add antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory effects, while inulin acts as an expectorant to clear mucus from the respiratory tract. Additional phytochemicals like β-sitosterol and daucosterol further support anti-inflammatory action, collectively making the herb useful in managing asthma and chronic bronchitis symptoms.

Analgesic Activity

The pain-relieving effect of Inula racemosa (Pushkarmool) in chest pain and flank discomfort is mainly due to sesquiterpene lactones such as alantolactone and isoalantolactone. These compounds exhibit strong anti-inflammatory action by inhibiting COX-2 enzymes and reducing inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6, which helps decrease tissue inflammation and pain. They also show antispasmodic and mild cardioprotective effects, improving blood flow and reducing discomfort associated with angina-like conditions. Volatile oils such as pinene and limonene contribute additional analgesic and anti-inflammatory benefits. Minor constituents like dihydroalantolactone, β-sitosterol, and daucosterol further support inflammation control.

Cardioprotective Activity

The cardioprotective effect of Inula racemosa (Pushkarmool) is mainly attributed to sesquiterpene lactones such as alantolactone and isoalantolactone, which possess strong antioxidant and anti-ischemic properties. These compounds help reduce oxidative stress by limiting lipid peroxidation and maintaining glutathione levels, thereby protecting cardiac tissues from free-radical damage. They also exhibit mild β-adrenergic blocking activity, which helps regulate heart rate and reduce cardiac workload. Additional constituents like dihydroalantolactone, inunolide, and β-sitosterol further support anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular protective actions. Studies suggest that root extracts enhance antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, improving heart function. Overall, these mechanisms help prevent myocardial injury, stabilise cardiac performance, and support heart health.

Anti-Diabetic Activity

The antidiabetic potential of Inula racemosa (Pushkarmool) is mainly linked to sesquiterpene lactones such as alantolactone and isoalantolactone, which help regulate blood glucose levels through multiple mechanisms. These compounds inhibit α-glucosidase activity, thereby slowing carbohydrate breakdown and reducing post-meal glucose spikes. They also enhance insulin sensitivity and improve peripheral glucose uptake, particularly in muscle tissues. Antioxidant constituents like flavonoids and inulin help reduce oxidative stress commonly associated with diabetes. Additionally, the herb supports liver glycogen storage, promoting better glucose metabolism. Together, these actions contribute to improved glycemic control and metabolic balance.

Practical Uses / Health Benefits Of Inula Racemosa/ Iris Germanica/ Orris Root/ Pushkarmool

• Low Pulse Rate Remedy A mixture of Akarakara (Anacyclus pyrethrum), Pushkarmool (Inula racemosa), Shrunga Bhasma (calcined deer horn, usually from Cervus elaphus), and Vamsha Lochana (Bambusa bambos) is traditionally taken with pomegranate juice about one hour before meals, twice daily.
• Skin Disorders A decoction of Pushkarmool (Inula racemosa) is applied externally for itching and skin diseases, while its root paste (sometimes prepared with cow urine) is traditionally used for scabies, ringworm, and similar conditions.
• Wound Healing & Toxic Conditions Pushkarmool (Inula racemosa) is considered helpful for infected skin lesions, reducing toxicity, and relieving pain.
• Respiratory & Digestive Uses Traditionally used in cough, chest/flank pain (parshva shoola), indigestion, loss of appetite, and some gallbladder disorders.
• Liver & Excretory Support Some traditional practitioners describe Pushkarmool (Inula racemosa) as mildly laxative and diuretic, beneficial in certain liver disorders.
• Dental Care The powdered root of Pushkarmool (Inula racemosa) is used as tooth powder for toothache, loose teeth, and bad breath small pieces may also be sucked for oral benefits.
• Other Uses It is used to fragrance medicated hair oils, and its paste is applied to minor wounds, boils, and skin eruptions for relief.

Parts Used Of Inula Racemosa/ Iris Germanica/ Orris Root/ Pushkarmool

• Root

Dosage Of Inula Racemosa/ Iris Germanica/ Orris Root/ Pushkarmool

Powder 250-2000 mg

Classical Products Of Inula Racemosa/ Iris Germanica/ Orris Root/ Pushkarmool

• Dashmularisht
• Kumaryasav
• Chavyakarisht
• Kankayan Vati
• Lodhrasav

Planet Ayurveda Products With Inula Racemosa/ Iris Germanica/ Orris Root/ Pushkarmool

• Dashmularisht
• Kumaryasav
• Chavyakarisht
• Kankayan Vati
• Lodhrasav
• Puchkarmool Powder

Conclusion

Inula racemosa (Pushkarmool), often associated in traditional literature with Iris germanica (Orris Root), is a valued medicinal plant known for its wide therapeutic potential. It is traditionally used for respiratory disorders such as cough, asthma, and chest pain, as well as digestive, cardiac, and inflammatory conditions. Its bioactive constituents contribute to anti-inflammatory, bronchodilatory, cardioprotective, and antimicrobial effects. Additionally, it is applied externally for skin disorders, wounds, and oral care. Overall, Pushkarmool/Orris Root holds significant importance in traditional medicine due to its diverse pharmacological actions and holistic health benefits.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ’s)

1. What Is The Common Name Of Inula Racemosa?

The common name is Pushkarmool or Indian Elecampane, widely known in traditional medicine.

2. What Is The Hindi Name Of Inula Racemosa?

Its Hindi name is Pushkarmool / Pokharmul, commonly used in Ayurveda.

3. What Is The English Name Of Inula Racemosa?

The English name is Indian Elecampane, referring to its medicinal root.

4. What Is The Kashmiri Name Of Inula Racemosa?

In Kashmiri, it is commonly called Poshkar.

5. What Are The Benefits Of Inula Racemosa?

It is beneficial for cough, respiratory disorders, heart health, digestion, and inflammation due to its bronchodilatory and anti-inflammatory properties.

Onosma bracteatum Wall./ Gojihva – Medicinal Properties, Benefits & Dosage

Abstract

Onosma bracteatum is a flowering plant species belonging to the family Boraginaceae and is widely used as an important ingredient in several Unani and Ayurvedic formulations for managing various health disorders. The genus Onosma L. comprises nearly 150 species distributed globally, though only about 75 species have been morphologically described, and fewer than 10 have been studied for their chemical constituents. Among them, Onosma echioides L. (family Boraginaceae) is a commonly utilised medicinal herb extensively distributed across India, Nepal, Pakistan, China, and Afghanistan. It is commonly known as Maharangi or Ratanjot, and it is traditionally used both medicinally and as a natural colouring agent in Indian cuisine, imparting a characteristic red colour to dishes such as Rogan Josh.

Classical References Of Onosma Bracteatum Wall./ Gojihva

• Bhavprakash Nighantu Guduchyadi varga
• Raj Nighantu Satahvadi varga

Scientific Classification Of Onosma Bracteatum Wall./ Gojihva

• Kingdom: Plantae
• Subkingdom: Tracheophytes
• Super Division: Angiosperms
• Division: Eudicots
• Class: Asterids
• Order: Boraginales
• Family: Boraginaceae
• Subfamily: Boraginoideae
• Genus: Onosma
• Species: Onosma bracteatum

Synonym Of Onosma Bracteatum Wall./ Gojihva

• Kharaparnini / Kharapatra – Refers to the plant having rough or coarse leaves.
• Matsyagandhi – Indicates that the plant emits a fishy odour when crushed.
• Darpapatri – Describes the plant as having thick or sturdy leaves.
• Darvika – A traditional synonym; generally refers to the plant in classical texts.
• Godhumika – Suggests resemblance in colour or appearance to wheat (Godhuma).
• Koshtamulika – Indicates usefulness in abdominal or digestive disorders.
• Gobhi
• Goli
• Gojika

Vernacular Names Of Onosma Bracteatum Wall./ Gojihva

• Sanskrit: Darvipatra, Gauajihva, Kharaparni, Gauji
• English: Cow’s Tongue, Lisanussoar, Sedge Herb
• Hindi: Gaujaban, Gojiya, Goaza, Ganjaba
• Assamese: Lisanusaur
• Bengali: Gojialata, Dadisha, Gaozaban, Dadishaka
• Gujarati: Bhonpathari, Galajibhi, Bhopathsri
• Kannada: Shankha Huli, Aakalanalige, Gojaba, Yettina Nalage
• Malayalam: Kozhuppu
• Marathi: Govjaban, Paatharee, Pathari
• Odia: Kharsan, Kharaptra
• Punjabi: Kazban
• Tamil: Kharaptra, Dharviptra, Kozha
• Telugu: Yeddunaluka, Yedunalaka Chattu
• Urdu: Gaozaban
• Arabic: Taharatulsanulshur, Lasanulshur
• Persian (Parasi): Kalamarumi

Habitat Of Onosma Bracteatum Wall./ Gojihva

The plant prefers well-drained, light soils and is commonly found on sun-exposed slopes of the Western and Central Himalayas, particularly from Kashmir to Kumaon at altitudes of about 3500–4500 m. In Himachal Pradesh, it has been reported from districts such as Kangra, Chamba, Kinnaur, and Lahaul–Spiti. Globally, the species has a restricted distribution mainly in India and Nepal, occurring between approximately 3300–5000 m altitude. Within India, it is sparsely distributed in the north-western Himalayan regions, including Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and parts of Uttarakhand. The name “Gaozaban” is applied to several plants from different genera. Historically, it has been associated with species such as Anchusa strigosa, Macrotomia benthamii, Coccinia glauca, and Borago officinalis.

Morphology Of Onosma Bracteatum Wall./ Gojihva

This plant is a large, herbaceous perennial shrub reaching about 40 cm in height, arising from a black, woody rootstock with a knotty head. The stem is simple, erect or ascending, greenish-yellow, rough due to stiff white hairs, longitudinally wrinkled, and rarely branched. Roots are purplish-red internally, while stems are thickly covered with calcareous tubercles and bristles. Leaves are thick, entire, petiolate, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate (12–30 cm long), with rough, hispid hairs on both surfaces; upper leaves are smaller than the lower ones. The upper leaf surface appears greenish to light yellow, while the underside is whitish and silky. Flowers are deep blue, turning purplish, trumpet-shaped, arranged in dense clusters, and covered with stiff white bristles. Fruits are ovoid, rough nutlets. Microscopically, the stem has a single-layered epidermis with thick cuticle, collenchyma and parenchyma cortex, and typical vascular tissues, while leaves show isobilateral lamina, paracytic stomata, and characteristic warty unicellular hairs.

Special Note

There is some disagreement among scholars regarding the identification of Gojihva. Some authors consider Elephantopus scaber as Gojihva, whereas Shri Thakur Balwant Singh, based on regional names, identified it instead as “Mayurshikha,” and thus described it under that category. Acharya Priyavrat regarded Gojihva as a leafy vegetable (shaka) and distinguished it from the Unani drug Gaozaban, although Bhavamishra appears to have treated both as the same, since terms like Kharaparnini and Darvi point toward Gaozaban while Goji refers to a vegetable herb. The name Gaozaban has also been applied to several plants, notably Caccinia glauca found in Baluchistan, which is considered strengthening, diuretic, and lubricating, and used in conditions like rheumatism and syphilis. Other plants referred to as Gaozaban generally belong to the Boraginaceae family, including Borago officinalis, Anchusa strigosa, Macrotomia benthamii, and Trichodesma indicum. Gojihva is not listed in Charaka’s Dashaimani group but is mentioned as a vegetable and in topical formulations for skin conditions, while both Charaka and Sushruta describe it as useful in wound healing, with Sushruta also recommending it for ulcers, syphilitic conditions, erysipelas, and as a dietary herb. There is another herb named Launaea aspleniifolia Hook f., which is used as Gojihva.

Classical Categorisation Of Onosma Bracteatum Wall./ Gojihva

• According to Charaka Samhita: Shaka Varga
• According to Vagbhata: Shaka Varga
• According to Kaiyadeva Nighantu: Aushadhi Varga
• According to Bhavprakash Nighantu: Guduchyadi varga
• According to Raj Nighantu: Satahvadi varga

Ancient Verse Of Onosma Bracteatum Wall./ Gojihva

गोजिह्वा गोजिका गोभी दार्विका खरपर्णिनी ।
गोजिह्वा वातला शीता ग्राहिणी कफपित्तनुत् ॥
हृद्या प्रमेहकासास्त्रव्रणज्वरहरी लघुः ।
कोमला तुवरा तिक्ता स्वादुपाकरसा स्मृता ॥
(Bhavprakash Nighantu Guduchyadi varga 297-298)

According to the above shloka, Gojihva is also known by several names, such as Gojihva, Gojika, Gobhi, Darvika, and Kharaparnini. It is considered Vata-provoking in action, has a cooling potency (Sheet Virya), and possesses absorbent (Grahi) properties while helping reduce Kapha and Pitta doshas. It is regarded as beneficial for heart health and is traditionally used in conditions like urinary disorders (Prameha), cough, blood disorders, wounds, and fever. The herb is described as light, soft in nature, and having an astringent, bitter, and slightly sweet taste, with a sweet post-digestive effect (Madhura Vipaka).

गोजिह्वा कटुका तीव्रा शीतला पित्तनाशनी ।
व्रणसंरोपणी चैव सर्वदन्तविषार्त्तिजित् ।।
(Raj Nighantu Satahvadi varga 86-87)

According to the above shloka, it is pungent in nature, fast-acting (Tivra), and has a cooling effect that helps reduce Pitta dosha. It promotes quicker wound healing and is particularly useful in managing dental and teeth-related disorders.

Ayurvedic Properties Of Onosma Bracteatum Wall./ Gojihva

• Taste (Rasa)- Bitter (Tikta), Sweet (Madhur), Astringent (Kashaya)
• Physical property (Guna) - Light (Laghu)
• Potency (Veerya )- Cold Potency (Sheet)
• Post-digestion effect (Vipaka)- Sweet (Madhur)
• Effect on tridosha– Balances Pitta and Kapha dosha and increases Vata dosha

Therapeutic Indications Of Onosma Bracteatum Wall./ Gojihva

• Hima – Cooling in nature; helps reduce body heat.
• Grahi – Absorbent property; useful in diarrhoea, IBS, and loose motions.
• Hrudya – Acts as a cardiac tonic; supports heart health.
• Kasa – Helpful in cough and cold.
• Aruchi – Useful in loss of appetite or anorexia.
• Shwasa – Beneficial in asthma and chronic respiratory conditions.
• Prameha – Supports management of urinary disorders and diabetes.
• Asra – Useful in blood disorders, abscesses, skin problems, and bleeding conditions like menorrhagia or nasal bleeding.
• Jwara – Helpful in fever.
• Vrana – Aids in healing ulcers and wounds.

Systemic Actions Of Onosma Bracteatum Wall./ Gojihva

External Uses

• Helps reduce pain and burning sensation and promotes faster wound healing.

Internal Uses

• Nervous System – Strengthens the nervous system and is useful in certain mental disorders.
• Digestive System – Helpful in constipation, jaundice, and related conditions; supports proper movement of Vata dosha and has mild laxative action.
• Circulatory System – Beneficial in conditions like Amavata (rheumatic heart disease) and cardiac weakness.
• Respiratory System – Pacifies Kapha dosha; useful in cough, breathing difficulty, asthma, and runny nose (often given as decoction with liquorice).
• Excretory System – Exhibits diuretic action; helpful in dysuria and pus in urine.
• Satmikarana – Improves strength and helps in general debility.
• Tapakrama – Helps reduce fever and relieves thirst and burning sensation.

Chemical Composition Of Onosma Bracteatum Wall./ Gojihva

• Naphthoquinones: Alkannin, shikonin, deoxyshikonin, isobutyrylshikonin, α-methylbutyrylshikonin.
• Benzoquinones: Allomicrophyllone, ehretiquinone, and novel ehretiquinones B–D.
• Phenolic Compounds: Ferulic acid, vanillic acid, and other phenolic acids with antioxidant activity.
• Flavonoids: Apigenin, luteolin, shikonins, onosmins, and other flavonoid derivatives.
• Alkaloids: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids such as lycopsamine and supindine viridiflorate.
• Glycosides: Various glycosidic compounds contribute to therapeutic effects.
• Tannins & Saponins: Present mainly in leaves and flowers.
• Phytosterols: Sterol compounds contributing to pharmacological activity.
• Carbohydrates & Lipids: Includes sugars, fatty acids, and other nutritive compounds.
• Proteins & Seed Oil: Seeds contain protein (~21.9%) and oil (~38.3%) rich in gamma-linolenic and linoleic acids.
• Minerals: High levels of calcium, potassium, and other trace minerals.
• Mucilage & Amino Acids: Saline mucilage in stems/leaves; flowers contain amino acids, glucose, fructose, and choline.

Actions And Properties Of Various Chemical Constituents Of Onosma Bracteatum Wall./ Gojihva

Antidepressant Activity

The management of anxiety and depression with Onosma bracteatum (Gaozaban) is mainly attributed to specific phytochemicals such as flavonoids (quercetin, rutin, catechin), phenolic acids (caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, vanillic acid), benzoquinones (allomicrophyllone, ehretiquinone), and pyrrolizidine alkaloids (lycopsamine, supindine). These compounds act as powerful antioxidants that reduce oxidative stress linked to mental health disorders. Flavonoids provide neuroprotective and calming effects, while phenolic acids help reduce inflammation and stabilise mood. The extract influences neurotransmitters like serotonin, GABA, and adrenergic systems, helping relieve anxiety and depression. Fatty acids such as gamma-linolenic acid and linoleic acid support neural health, while acetylcholinesterase inhibition improves memory and cognition. Together, these actions promote mental relaxation, emotional balance, and overall nervous system support.

Anti-diabetic Activity

The management of diabetes and metabolic disorders with Onosma bracteatum (Gaozaban) is mainly linked to specific phytochemicals such as phenolic acids (rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid), flavonoids (apigenin, luteolin, kaempferol, rutin), and naphthoquinone derivatives like shikonin, deoxyshikonin, acetylshikonin, and ehretiquinone. These compounds act as strong antioxidants that protect pancreatic beta cells from oxidative damage and reduce inflammation associated with diabetes. Flavonoids help improve glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity, while phenolic acids neutralise harmful free radicals. Naphthoquinones support liver and vascular health and help control inflammatory responses. Additionally, fatty acids such as gamma-linolenic acid and linoleic acid support metabolic balance. The extract may also inhibit the α-glucosidase enzyme, slowing carbohydrate digestion and reducing post-meal blood sugar spikes.

Antimicrobial Activity

The antimicrobial activity of Onosma bracteatum (Gaozaban) in managing respiratory, skin, and gastrointestinal infections is mainly attributed to bioactive compounds such as naphthoquinones (shikonin, alkannin, deoxyshikonin, isobutyrylshikonin, acetylshikonin), phenolic acids (rosmarinic acid, ferulic acid, vanillic acid), and flavonoids like catechin, epicatechin, kaempferol, onosmin A and B. These compounds exhibit strong antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties. Phenolic acids inhibit microbial growth by interfering with bacterial enzymes and proteins, while shikonin derivatives help reduce inflammation by regulating COX-2 activity. Flavonoids provide antioxidant protection that strengthens tissue defence against pathogens. Additional constituents such as triterpenoids, saponins, tannins, and pyrrolizidine alkaloids (lycopsamine, supindine) enhance the overall antimicrobial effect. Together, these phytochemicals help suppress harmful microbes and support the healing of infected tissues.

For Rheumatoid Arthritis

The beneficial effects of Onosma bracteatum in managing rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are mainly attributed to its rich phytochemical composition, including naphthoquinones such as shikonin, alkannin, and acetylshikonin, along with phenolic acids like rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, and p-coumaric acid, and flavonoids such as apigenin, luteolin, and onosmone. These compounds work together to reduce inflammation by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP and inhibiting inflammatory enzymes including COX-2 and 5-lipoxygenase (LOX). Their strong antioxidant activity helps neutralise reactive oxygen species in the joints, preventing cartilage damage and oxidative stress. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids such as lycopsamine and supindine further contribute to analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Collectively, these bioactive constituents help decrease joint swelling, protect synovial tissues, and support overall joint health in rheumatoid arthritis.

For Cardiovascular System

Onosma bracteatum (Gojihva) supports cardiovascular health due to its rich phytochemical composition, particularly phenolic acids such as rosmarinic acid, ferulic acid, vanillic acid, and caffeic acid, which provide strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects that help protect cardiac tissues from oxidative stress. Flavonoids, including apigenin, luteolin, rutin, kaempferol, and catechin, aid in regulating blood pressure, improving circulation, and reducing inflammation, thereby helping manage hypertension and palpitations. The presence of benzoquinones like allomicrophyllone and ehretiquinones C and D contributes cardioprotective and anti-ageing effects that support heart muscle strength. Additionally, saline mucilage offers restorative and strengthening properties, while essential minerals such as potassium and calcium help maintain proper cardiac muscle contraction and rhythm.

Practical Uses / Health Benefits Of Onosma Bracteatum Wall./ Gojihva

• Ash prepared from the leaves of Onosma bracteatum (Gojihva) is traditionally applied externally to help manage stomatitis and promote wound healing.
• A decoction made from the leaves is commonly used to support the management of jaundice and constipation.
• Cold infusion of the leaves is traditionally given in certain psychiatric and epileptic conditions for its calming effects.
• Cold infusion prepared from the flowers and fruits, administered with Glycyrrhiza glabra powder (about 50–60 ml), is used for rhinitis and cough relief.
• Leaf cold infusion is also valued as a tonic, diuretic, demulcent, and alterative, often prescribed in rheumatism, syphilis, leprosy, hypochondria, and kidney disorders.
• Leaf decoction (30–40 ml dose) is traditionally given for fever and difficulty in urination.
• The plant decoction is also considered helpful in functional heart palpitations and irritation of the stomach and bladder.
• Root powder is applied externally to manage various cutaneous eruptions.

Parts Used Of Onosma Bracteatum Wall./ Gojihva

• Leaf
• Flower
• Root

Dosage Of Onosma Bracteatum Wall./ Gojihva

• Powder- 3-6 gms with Milk
• Flower powder- 3-6 gms

Classical Products Of Onosma Bracteatum Wall./ Gojihva

• Brahmi Vati (Plain)

Planet Ayurveda Products With Onosma Bracteatum Wall./ Gojihva

• Brahmi Vati (Plain)

Conclusion

Onosma bracteatum (Gojihva/Gaozaban) is an important medicinal plant valued in traditional systems for its wide therapeutic potential. Its rich phytochemical profile, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and naphthoquinone derivatives, contributes to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and cardioprotective activities. Traditionally, it has been used for respiratory, cardiac, neurological, skin, and metabolic disorders. The plant also exhibits tonic, demulcent, and rejuvenating properties that support overall health. Thus, Onosma bracteatum holds significant promise for both traditional medicine and future pharmacological research.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ’s)

1. What Is The Hindi Name Of Onosma Bracteatum?

Its Hindi name is Gaozaban (Gojihva), commonly used in traditional medicine.

2. What Is The Tamil Name Of Onosma Bracteatum?

There is no widely established Tamil vernacular name; it is generally referred to as Gojihva/Gaozaban in Ayurvedic usage.

3. What Are The Uses Of Onosma Bracteatum?

It is traditionally used for respiratory issues, cardiac weakness, skin problems, urinary disorders, and as a cooling tonic.

4. What Are The Benefits Of Onosma Bracteatum?

It shows antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, antimicrobial, and soothing (demulcent) properties supporting overall health.

5. What Is The Family Name Of Onosma Bracteatum?

It belongs to the Boraginaceae family.

Oroxylum indicum Vent. / Shyonak / Sona Patha - Ayurvedic Properties, Indications, Uses, Benefits & Dosage

Abstract

Oroxylum indicum, commonly known as Tetu or the Indian trumpet tree, is a medicinally important plant belonging to the family Bignoniaceae. It is widely distributed across India and Southeast Asia. It has been traditionally used for centuries in indigenous systems of medicine to manage various health conditions, with almost all parts of the plant being therapeutically valuable. It is also known by several synonyms, such as Bignonia indica L. and Calosanthes indica Blume, and regional names including Shyonaka, Sonapatha, Bhatghila, Tona, and Bhut-vriksha. In English, it is sometimes called the Broken Bones Tree or Tree of Damocles due to the appearance of fallen dried plant parts beneath the tree, while in Malaysia it is referred to as “Midnight Horror” because its nocturnal flowers emit a strong odour that attracts bats for pollination.

Classical References Of Oroxylum Indicum Vent./ Shyonak/ Sona Patha

• Bhavprakash Nighantu Guduchyadi varga
• Raj Nighantu Prabhadradi varga

Scientific Classification Of Oroxylum Indicum Vent./ Shyonak/ Sona Patha

• Kingdom: Plantae
• Division: Magnoliophyta
• Class: Magnoliopsida
• Order: Lamiales
• Family: Bignoniaceae
• Genus: Oroxylum
• Species: indicum

Synonym Of Oroxylum Indicum Vent./ Shyonak/ Sona Patha

• Tuntuka: Refers to the bell-shaped flowers of the plant.
• Prithu Shimba: Indicates the flat, long fruits or pods.
• Ari Simbi: Suggests sword-like pods resembling a sharp weapon.
• Katvanga: Means a long staff or club, referring to the elongated fruit shape.
• Kutannata: Implies a slightly bent or curved structure of the plant parts.
• Dirghavrnk: Means having long stalks or elongated pedicels.
• Mandukaparna: Suggests leaves resembling a frog’s shape or spread.
• Sukanasa: Indicates a beak-like structure, often referring to flower or fruit shape.
• Bhalluka: Associated with roughness or sturdiness, likened to a bear.
• Mayurajangha: Means peacock-leg shaped, referring to the plant’s elegant form or structure.

Vernacular Names Of Oroxylum Indicum Vent./ Shyonak/ Sona Patha

• English Names: Broken Bones Tree, Indian Trumpet Flower, Midnight Horror, Oroxylum, Kampong
• Hindi: Aralu, Shyonaka, Sonapatha (“Sona” = gold, referring to golden-yellow inner bark)
• Bengali: Tona, Sona, Shona
• Sanskrit: Bhut-vriksha, Dirghavrinta, Kutannat, Manduk (flower), Patrorna, Putivriksha, Shallaka, Shuran, Son, Vatuk
• Assamese: Bhatghila
• Tamil: Cori-konnai, Palai-y-utaicci, Putapuspam (flower), Addi
• Telugu: Manduka-parnamu, Pampena, Dundilam, Pampini, Suka-nasamu
• Kannada: Tattuna, Tiguda, Tigadu Mara, Tigda
• Malayalam: Palaqapayyani, Ashrppathiri, Vellappathiri, Palagapaimani
• Marathi & Gujarati: Tayitu, Tetu, Tentu
• Oriya: Archangkawm, Phanphania, Tatelo
• Nepalese: Tatelo
• Sri Lankan: Totila, Thotil
• Chinese (Hanyu Pinyin): Mù Húdié (Butterfly Tree)

Habitat Of Oroxylum Indicum Vent./ Shyonak/ Sona Patha

Oroxylum indicum is widely distributed across tropical and subtropical Asian regions, including India, Bhutan, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Nepal, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Sri Lanka, and Taiwan. It commonly grows in forested areas, open woodlands, and riverbanks, particularly in the Himalayan foothills up to an altitude of about 1000–1200 meters. The plant is also found in protected forest ecosystems such as Manas National Park in Assam, India, thriving in warm climates with well-drained soils.

Morphology Of Oroxylum Indicum Vent./ Shyonak/ Sona Patha

Oroxylum indicum is a small to medium-sized deciduous tree, usually growing about 8–15 m tall, with branches mainly at the top. The bark is light greyish-brown, soft, spongy, and marked with corky lenticels, often exuding greenish sap. Leaves are large, pinnately compound, typically 2–3 pinnate with opposite pinnae, and consist of 2–4 pairs of ovate or elliptic leaflets that are smooth, acuminate, and sometimes cordate at the base. The tree bears numerous large, foul-smelling flowers in erect racemes; they are reddish-purple outside and pale pinkish-yellow inside, helping attract pollinators. Fruits are long, flat, woody, sword-shaped capsules (up to 30–60 cm long) that hang from bare branches, containing many round, thin seeds with broad papery wings. Flowering generally occurs from August to February, depending on climatic conditions.

Varieties Of Oroxylum Indicum Vent./ Shyonak/ Sona Patha

Although Raj Nighantu describes two varieties of this plant, it does not mention any difference in their properties. Modern research suggests that the name “Aralu” should be identified with Ailanthus excelsa Roxb., which may be considered a variety of Shyonaka as described in Raj Nighantu. Some scholars also refer to Ailanthus excelsa as Mahanimba. The synonyms Dirghavrinta and Katvanga are considered appropriate for Aralu, while Kutanata, Tintuka, and Bhalluka are regarded as synonyms of Shyonaka.

Classical Categorisation Of Oroxylum Indicum Vent./ Shyonak/ Sona Patha

• According to Charaka Samhita: Shothahara (Anti-inflammatory herbs), Anuvasnopaga (Herbs used for Anuvasan Basti), Sheeta Prashamana (herbs that subsides cold and cough)
• According to Vagabhata: Rodhradi, Viratavadi Varga
• According to Sushruta Samhita: Rodhradi, Viratavadi, Brihat Panchmoola Varga
• According to Bhavprakash Nighantu: Guduchyadi varga
• According to Raj Nighantu: Prabhadradi varga
• According to Dhanwantari Nighantu: Guduchyadi Varga

Ancient Verse Of Oroxylum Indicum Vent./ Shyonak/ Sona Patha

श्योनाकः शोषणश्च स्यान्नटकट्वङ्गटुण्टुकाः ।
मण्डूकपर्णपत्रोर्णशुकनासकुटन्नटाः ॥२५॥
दीर्घवृन्तोऽरलुश्चापि पृथुशिम्बः कटम्भरः ।
श्योनाको दीपनः पाके कटुकस्तुवरो हिमः ।
ग्राही तिक्तोऽनिलश्लेष्मपित्तकासप्रणाशनः ॥२६॥ (Bhavprakash Nighantu Guduchyadi varga 25-26)

According to the above shloka, the synonyms of Shyonak are Shoshana, Nata, Katvanga, Tuntuka, Mandukaparna, Patrorna, Shukanasa, Kutannata, Dirghavrinta, Aralu, Prithushimba, and Katambhara, which are Sanskrit names associated with Sonapatha. It is known for stimulating digestion (Agnideepak), having a pungent taste after digestion, and astringent as well as bitter taste overall. It possesses cooling potency (Sheet Virya) and helps in binding stools. Traditionally, it is considered beneficial in balancing Vata, Pitta, and Kapha doshas and is also useful in managing cough (Kasa).

टुण्डुकस्य फलं बालं रूक्षं वातकफापहम् ॥
हृद्यं कषायं मधुरं रोचनं लघु दीपनम् ।
गुल्मार्शःकृमिहृत् प्रौढं गुरु वातप्रकोपणम् ॥ (Bhavprakash Nighantu Guduchyadi varga 27-28)

According to the above shloka, the tender fruit of Sonapatha is dry in nature, helpful in reducing Vata and Kapha, beneficial for the heart, and possesses astringent and mildly sweet taste. It is light to digest, improves appetite (Agnideepak), and is traditionally used in conditions like abdominal lumps (Gulma), piles, and worm infestations. In contrast, the mature fruit is considered heavy to digest and may aggravate Vata dosha.

श्लोनाकयुगलं तिक्तं शीतलं च त्रिदोषजित् ।
पित्तश्लेष्मातिसारघ्नं सन्निपातज्वरापहम् ।। ३० ।।
टेण्टुफलं कटूष्णञ्च कफवातहरं लघु ।
दीपनं पाचनं हृद्यं रुचिकृल्लवणाम्लकम् ।। ३१।।  (Raj Nighantu Prabhadradi varga 30-31)

According to the above shloka, both varieties of Shyonak are described as tikta (bitter) in taste and Sheet (cooling) in potency, and are believed to help balance the three dosha (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha). They are traditionally used in managing atisara (diarrhoea) and disorders related to pitta (heat-related imbalance) and kapha (phlegm or mucus-related imbalance), and are also considered useful in sannipata jwara (fever involving imbalance of all three doshas). The fruit known as Tentuphala (fruit of Shyonak) is katu (pungent), Ushna (hot in potency), and laghu (light to digest). It is regarded as beneficial for kaphaja (kapha-related) and vataja (vata-related) conditions, supports digestion as a deepana (digestive stimulant), improves taste perception, acts as a cardiotonic (heart-supportive agent), and is also described as having lavana (saltish) and amla (sour) taste characteristics.

श्योनाकः शुकनासश्च कट्वङ्गोऽथ कटंभरः ।
मयूरजंघोऽरलुकः प्रियजीवः कुटंनटः ॥
स प्रोक्तः पृथुशिम्बश्च टिण्टुको दीर्घवृन्तकः ।
भल्लूकः शिल्लको फल्गुवृन्ताको जम्बुको मतः ॥
टिण्टुकः शिशिरस्तिक्तो वस्तिरोगहरः परः ।
पित्तश्लेष्मामवातातीसारकासारुचीर्जयेत् ॥ (Dhanwantari Nighantu Guduchyadi varga 111-113)

According to the above shloka, the plant is known by several synonyms, including Shuknasa, Katvanga, Kanibhara, Mayujangha, Arluka, Priyajiva, Kutannata, Prthusimba, Tintuka, Dirghavrintaka, Bhalluka, Shillaka, Phalguvrintaka, and Jambuka. It is traditionally described as having a cooling potency and bitter taste, and is valued for its therapeutic properties. It is commonly used to support urinary bladder health, improve digestion, manage diarrhoea, relieve cough, and stimulate appetite in cases of anorexia. Additionally, it is considered beneficial in balancing Pitta and Kapha doshas in traditional medicinal systems.

Ayurvedic Properties Of Oroxylum Indicum Vent./ Shyonak/ Sona Patha

• Taste (Rasa)- Bitter (Tikta), Astringent (Kashaya)
• Potency (Veerya )- Cold Potency (Sheet)
• Post-digestion effect (Vipaka)-  Katu (Pungent)
• Effect on tridosha– Balance Pitta and Kapha dosha

Therapeutic Indications Of Oroxylum Indicum Vent./ Shyonak/ Sona Patha

Root

• Vastiroga Hara – considered beneficial for managing urinary tract disorders.
• Amavata – traditionally used in rheumatoid arthritis conditions.
• Atisara – helpful in managing diarrhoea.
• Aruchi Hara – supports improvement in appetite and anorexia.
• Deepana – helps enhance digestive strength.
• Grahi – possesses absorbent properties, useful in IBS-like conditions.
• Kasa – beneficial for cold and cough.
• Sannipata Jwara – traditionally used in fever involving imbalance of Vata, Pitta, and Kapha doshas.

Sonapatha Fruit

• Unripe Fruit – dry (Rooksha) in nature and helps balance Vata and Kapha.
• Hrudya – considered supportive for heart health.
• Rochana – helps improve taste perception and appetite.
• Laghu – light and easy to digest.
• Deepana – enhances digestive fire.
• Useful for skin health and traditionally applied for wound cleansing.
• Believed to help purify blood and support gynaecological health.
• Also considered supportive in certain childhood psychological conditions.

Systemic Actions Of Oroxylum Indicum Vent./ Shyonak/ Sona Patha

• External Uses - traditionally used to reduce fever, relieve pain, heal wounds, and ease joint pain and inflammation.

Internal Uses

• Nervous System – helpful in pain associated with aggravated Vata dosha.
• Digestive System – acts as a carminative, digestive, absorbent, anthelmintic, and antimicrobial; useful in loss of appetite and diarrhoea.
• Circulatory System – traditionally indicated in oedema (swelling).
• Excretory System – Mutrajanana (promotes urine production); useful in urinary tract inflammation.
• Respiratory System – helps pacify Kapha dosha; beneficial in cough and respiratory disorders.
• Skin – promotes sweating and may be applied with castor oil for skin support.
• Tapakrama – traditionally used in fever (Sannipata Jwara).
• Satmikarana – supports body strength, vitality, and immunity.

Chemical Composition Of Oroxylum Indicum Vent./ Shyonak/ Sona Patha

• Baicalein – 5,6,7-Trihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (C15H10O5)
• Chrysin – 5,7-Dihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (C15H10O4)
• Oroxylin A – 5,7-Dihydroxy-6-methoxy flavone (C16H12O5)
• Scutellarein – 5,6,7,4'-Tetrahydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (C15H10O6)
• Ellagic acid – 2,3,7,8-Tetrahydroxy-[1]-benzopyrano[5,4,3-cde][1]benzopyran-5,10-dione (C14H6O8)
• Biochanin A – 5,7-Dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone (C16H12O5)
• Pinocembrin – 5,7-Dihydroxy-2-phenylflavanone (C15H12O4)
• Pinobanksin – 3,5,7-Trihydroxyflavanone (C15H12O5)
• Oroxin B – Baicalein-7-O-diglucoside (C26H28O15)
• Chrysin derivatives – e.g., Chrysin-7-O-glucuronide, Chrysin-6-C-β-D-glucopyranosyl-8-C-α-L-arabinopyranoside (C22H20O10, C26H28O13)
• Scutellarein derivatives – e.g., Scutellarein-7-O-glucopyranoside (C21H20O11)
• Baicalein derivatives – e.g., Baicalein-7-O-glucoside, Baicalein-7-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-(1→3)[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)]-β-D-glucopyranoside (C21H20O9, C32H37O21)
• Ursolic acid – [(3β)-3-Hydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid] (C30H48O3)
• Lupeol – Triterpenoid (C30H50O)
• 2α-Hydroxy-lupeol – (C30H50O2)
• β-Sitosterol – Phytosterol (C29H50O)
• Aloe-emodin – Anthraquinone derivative
• Anthraquinones
• Ellagic acid derivatives – Polyphenols
• Tannins – Polyphenolic compounds
• Sitosterol – Phytosterol
• Oroxoloside methyl ester – Flavone glycoside (C23H27O11)
• Echinulin – Indole alkaloid (C29H39N3O2)
• Adenosine – Nucleoside (C10H13N5O4)
• Dimethyl sulfone (MSM) – C2H6O2S
• Tetuin – Flavonoid glycoside
• Non-drying bright yellow oil – Seed constituent

Actions And Properties Of Various Chemical Constituents Of Oroxylum Indicum Vent./ Shyonak/ Sona Patha

Anti-Diarrheal Activity

Oroxylum indicum, commonly known as Shona or Sonapatha, exhibits strong antidiarrheal, astringent, and stomachic effects mainly due to its rich content of flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds present in the stem bark, root bark, and fruits. The key constituents such as baicalein, chrysin, and oroxylin A provide antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective, and antimicrobial actions, which help control diarrhoea. Tannins form a protective layer over the intestinal lining, reducing irritation and fluid loss, while ellagic acid and scutellarein enhance anti-inflammatory activity. The plant’s bark extracts, especially methanolic and ethanolic preparations, act by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis, decreasing intestinal motility, and limiting fluid accumulation in the gut (anti-enteropooling effect). Together, these mechanisms soothe the intestinal mucosa, reduce gut inflammation, and restore normal digestive function, making Oroxylum indicum effective in managing diarrhoea naturally.

Anti-Arthritic Activity

Oroxylum indicum (Sonapatha) shows potent anti-arthritic effects in managing Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), mainly due to its high content of flavones such as baicalein, chrysin, and oroxylin A, along with other phenolic compounds, especially in the root bark. Baicalein acts as a strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, suppressing inflammatory mediators like TNF-α\alphaα, IL-1β\betaβ, IL-6, and COX-2. Oroxylin A inhibits cytokine production through the calcium–STAT pathway and blocks 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), reducing chronic joint inflammation, while chrysin contributes to alleviating joint stiffness and swelling. Ellagic acid enhances the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. The root bark extracts stabilise lysosomal membranes, lowering connective tissue-degrading enzymes, and boost antioxidant defences by increasing catalase and glutathione while reducing lipid peroxidation. Additionally, prostaglandin inhibition helps decrease joint swelling and pain, collectively protecting cartilage, reducing oxidative stress, and improving joint function in RA.

For Respiratory Issues

Oroxylum indicum (Shyonaka or Sonapatha) is effective in managing respiratory issues such as bronchitis, asthma, and chronic coughs due to its high content of flavonoids, particularly in the seeds, stem bark, and fruit pods. Key compounds like baicalein, chrysin, and oroxylin A exhibit strong anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-allergic effects by downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX). Scutellarein, oroxindin, and flavonoid glycosides like baicalein-7-O-gentiobioside and oroxin A/B enhance respiratory protection by reducing airway inflammation and supporting immune defence. Ellagic acid, phlobatannins, and phenols contribute antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, helping prevent lung tissue damage and infections. The fruit acts as an expectorant, clearing mucus and easing breathing, while the combined antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant mechanisms help protect the respiratory tract and alleviate symptoms naturally.

Anti-Diabetic Activity

Oroxylum indicum (Sonapatha or Indian Trumpet Tree) exhibits significant antidiabetic effects primarily due to its high flavonoid content, with Oroxin A (baicalein-7-O-glucoside) being the key bioactive compound in the seeds. Oroxin A helps manage diabetes by inhibiting α-glucosidase, which slows carbohydrate breakdown and reduces post-meal blood sugar spikes, while also activating PPARγ to improve insulin sensitivity. It further supports lipid metabolism by lowering triglyceride and cholesterol levels through inhibition of SREBP1/SREBP2 and increasing AMPK phosphorylation, reducing hepatic lipid synthesis. Other flavonoids like baicalein and chrysin, along with tannins and polar flavonoids in the bark and fruits, provide strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, protecting against oxidative stress and diabetes-related complications such as nephropathy. Seed compounds, including oroxindin, oroxylin B, and oroxin B enhance these antidiabetic, antioxidant, and hypolipidemic activities. Overall, Oroxylum indicum lowers blood glucose, improves lipid profiles, reduces oxidative damage, and supports long-term metabolic health in diabetes.

Hepatoprotective Activity

Oroxylum indicum demonstrates strong hepatoprotective (liver-protective) effects due to its rich content of flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds present in the root bark, stem bark, and seeds. Key active constituents such as baicalein, oroxylin A, oroxin B, chrysin, and ellagic acid help reduce liver toxicity by preventing lipid peroxidation, lowering malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and protecting cell membranes. Baicalein and chrysin provide antioxidant and anti-inflammatory support, while oroxin B specifically helps manage fatty liver by inhibiting lipid accumulation, reducing inflammation, and strengthening the intestinal barrier. These compounds restore antioxidant enzymes like SOD, catalase, and glutathione, counteracting oxidative stress, and suppress inflammatory pathways such as NF-κB, reducing TNF-α and IL-6. Collectively, these actions lower elevated liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP), prevent liver cell damage, and support overall liver health, making Oroxylum indicum effective in managing various hepatic disorders.

Practical Uses / Health Benefits Of Oroxylum Indicum Vent./ Shyonak/ Sona Patha

• Inflammatory & Vata Disorders (Amavata): Give 30 ml decoction of Shyonaka root with dry ginger (1:10) three times daily; can add opium to powder if needed.
• Joint Swelling & Pain: Apply warm Shyonaka decoction over affected joints to reduce swelling and discomfort.
• Diarrhoea (Atisara): Give juice from Puta-cooked Shyonaka bark paste with Padmakesar and honey.
• Ear Disorders (Karnasrava & Karnashool): Apply medicated oil prepared from Shyonaka bark regularly for relief.
• Epilepsy (Apasmara): Administer 2 gms of powdered Shyonaka bark with milk.
• Ear Pain (Karnamool Shotha): Grind the seeds of Shyonaka and Irimed and apply on the base of the ear, and its juice can also be used for internal administration.

Parts Used Of Oroxylum Indicum Vent./ Shyonak/ Sona Patha

• Root bark
• Leaves
• Stem
• Fruits

Dosage Of Oroxylum Indicum Vent./ Shyonak/ Sona Patha

• Bark Powder- 1-2 gms with Trikatu

Classical Products Of Oroxylum Indicum Vent./ Shyonak/ Sona Patha

• Amritarisht
• Dashmularisht
• Dhanwanthram Thailam
• Rasnadi Thailam
• Prabhanjanam Kuzhambu
• Mahanarayan Thailam
• Prabhanjanam Kuzhambu
• Rasnadi Thailam

Planet Ayurveda Products With Oroxylum Indicum Vent./ Shyonak/ Sona Patha

• Livo Plan Syrup
• Vata Balance Capsules
• Dashmoola Powder
• Vikramprash
• Amritarisht
• Bustonia Oil
• Dashmularisht
• Shyonak Churna
• Dhanwanthram Thailam
• Dashmoola Capsules
• Femo Plan Syrup
• Mahanarayan Thailam
• Zigr Vet Syrup
• Pushyanug Churna
• Barleria Sehchar Thailam
• Jai Shree Dhanwantharam Oil
• Maha Narasimha Thailam

Conclusion

Oroxylum indicum, commonly known as Shyonak or Sona Patha, is a valuable medicinal plant in Ayurveda with a wide spectrum of therapeutic applications. Its rich content of flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds contributes to anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antidiarrheal, respiratory, and anti-arthritic activities. Various parts of the plant—including the root bark, stem bark, seeds, fruits, and leaves—are used in different formulations to manage conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, liver disorders, respiratory ailments, diarrhoea, epilepsy, and joint pain. Oroxylum indicum is considered effective both internally (as decoctions, powders, and extracts) and externally (as oils and pastes) due to its multi-targeted actions, including modulation of inflammatory pathways, antioxidant defence, antimicrobial activity, and metabolic regulation.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ's)

1. What are the uses of Oroxylum indicum?

It is used in Ayurveda for managing arthritis, diabetes, liver disorders, respiratory issues, diarrhoea, joint pain, and epilepsy.

2. What is the Hindi name of Oroxylum indicum?

The Hindi name is Sonapatha or Aralu.

3. What are the common names of Oroxylum indicum?

Common names include Shyonak, Sona Patha, Indian Trumpet Tree, Broken Bones Tree, and Midnight Horror.

4. What are the benefits of Oroxylum indicum?

It provides anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antidiarrheal, respiratory, and anti-arthritic benefits.

5. What is the English name of Oroxylum indicum?

The English names are Indian Trumpet Tree, Broken Bones Tree, Midnight Horror, and Oroxylum.

Chitrakadi Vati - Medicinal Properties, Ingredients, Indications, Dosage & More

Reference : A.F.I. Part 1 – 12:11 (Charaksamhita, Chikitsasthana Chapter 15/ verse 96-97) (Bhaisajayaratnavali / chapter of IBS)

Abstract

Grahani Roga epidemics surge amid toxin overload, weakened digestive fire, and Vata-Pitta aggravation, yet Ayurveda offers holistic relief through gastrointestinal detoxification, channel clearance, and digestive vitality restoration. Ayurveda correlates Grahani with initial digestive fire impairment progressing to chronic gut disorder, characterized by irregular bowel movements, abdominal bloating, and toxin (ama) buildup due to improper diets, chronic stress, and erratic lifestyles. Sedentary routines, dosha imbalances, junk food intake, and poor sleep exacerbate pain, excessive gas, alternating diarrhea-constipation, and food fermentation, akin to modern Irritable Bowel Syndrome with widespread inflammation. Chitrakadi Vati, a potent herbo-mineral tablet, effectively arrests this by kindling the digestive fire, balancing Vata-Pitta doshas, scraping toxin (ama), and enhancing nutrient absorption. Let’s delve into this classical formulation.

Introduction

Chitrakadi Vati, a classical herbo-mineral powerhouse from Bhaishajya Ratnavali, shines in tackling Grahani Roga by fiercely igniting digestive fire in the grahani region. This dynamic Vata-Pitta harmonizer unleashes ama-scraping, detoxifying, pathway-clearing, digestive fire-boosting, and toxin-annihilating properties. It brilliantly halts the slide from impaired digestion to persistent intestinal chaos, easing erratic bowels, distension, cramps, gas, alternating loose stools and hardness, plus fermentation woes through dosha dispersal, better nutrient uptake, and renewed gut vitality.

कृता विपाचयत्यामं दीपयत्याशु चानलम्||९७||

(Charaksamhita, Chikitsasthana Chapter 15/ verse 97)

When prepared in this form, it effectively digests Ama (endotoxins) and quickly kindles the digestive fire.

Classical Indication

Grahani dosha (malabsorption syndrome)

Ingredients

चित्रकं पिप्पलीमूलं द्वौ क्षारौ लवणानि च|
व्योषं हिङ्ग्वजमोदां च चव्यं चैकत्र चूर्णयेत्||९६||
गुटिका मातुलुङ्गस्य दाडिमस्य रसेन |

(Charaksamhita, Chikitsasthana Chapter 15/ verse 96-97)

1. Chitraka (Plumbago zeylanica)
2. Pippalimoola (Root of Piper longum)
3. Yavakshara (Alkaline extract of Hordeum vulgare)
4. Sarjikshara (Sodium-based alkali)
5. Panch Lavana (Five Salts) – Sauvarcala lavan (black salt), Saindhava (rock salt), Vida lavan (alkaline salt), Audbhida lavan (earth-derived salt), and Samudra lavan (sea salt)
6. Trikatu – Shunthi (Zingiber officinale), Maricha (Piper nigrum), Pippali (Piper longum)
7. Hingu (Ferula asafoetida)
8. Ajamoda (Trachyspermum ammi)
9. Chavya (Piper chaba)
10. Dadima Svarasa (Punica granatum juice) -- Bhavana Dravya (Trituration medium)

Ingredient Description

1. Chitraka (Plumbago zeylanica)

Chitraka (Plumbago zeylanica) powerfully ignites Jatharagni (digestive fire) and penetrates Vata-Kapha blockages in gastrointestinal channels to relieve Grahani symptoms like bloating and irregular stools, with its ushna (heating), tikshna (piercing), and lekhana (scraping) gunas scraping endotoxins and detoxifying intestinal tissues. Katu rasa (pungent taste) stimulates peristalsis, resolves fermentation, and supports bowel normalization via carminative action; plumbagin delivers antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and digestive-stimulant effects against toxin-induced gut damage, making it ideal for lifestyle-related digestive impairment with systemic ama accumulation.

2. Pippalimoola (Root of Piper longum)

Pippalimoola (Root of Piper longum) nourishes and revitalizes depleted gut mucosa in chronic Grahani Roga and Vata disorders, providing rasayana (rejuvenative) support for tissue repair. Ushna (heating), snigdha (unctuous), and sukshma (subtle) gunas kindle the digestion, expel gas, and enhance bioavailability of co-herbs while breaking down ama adhesions. Its Piperine-rich profile offers potent antioxidant, anti-spasmodic, and bioavailability-enhancing benefits, synergizing to halt irregular bowel progression, resolve colic-flatulence, and prevent wasting from digestive weakness.

3. Yavakshara (Alkaline Extract of Hordeum vulgare)

Yavakshara excels as a potent Vata-pitta harmonizer in constipation, ama accumulation, and abdominal distension, breaking down srotas obstructions with its ushna (heating), tikshna (piercing), and kshara (alkaline) properties. Katu-lavana rasa (pungent-salt taste) dissolves sticky endotoxins, neutralizes fermentation toxins, and facilitates channel clearance while acting as mild laxative, its mineral alkalinity counters stress-induced inflammation, offering peristaltic relief in grahani and supporting digestion to resolve pain, bloating, and toxin-triggered irregularity.

4. Sarjikshara (Sodium-Based Alkali)

Sarjikshara masterfully alkalizes acidic gut environments in Pitta-aggravated Grahani and fermentation disorders, quenching burning sensation (daha) and detoxifying ama-laden intestinal tissues with its sheeta (cooling), laghu (light), and snigdha (unctuous) gunas. Lavana-tikta rasa (salty-bitter taste) promotes mucous secretion, resolves loose stools, and supports hydration via absorbent action, its bicarbonate nature delivers antacid, anti-flatulent, and electrolyte-balancing effects against junk food-induced damage, ideal for modern dietary inflammation and indigestion.

5. Pancha Lavana (Five Salts)

Pancha Lavana collectively balances all doshas in Grahani Roga, enhancing taste, stimulating secretions, and clearing the channels with their lavana (salty), ushna (heating), and sara (mobile) properties, while providing electrolyte harmony. Multi-rasa profile dissolves ama, kindle agni, and promotes peristalsis, their mineral synergy offers digestive-stimulant, carminative, and hydrating benefits against lifestyle toxins.

Sauvarcala Lavan (Black salt) Sulphur-rich black salt pierces Vata blockages, reduces bloating, and improves appetite with katu-sulfur aroma.

Saindhava Lavan (Rock salt) Pure rock salt cools Pitta, enhances flavor perception, and detoxifies channels subtly.

Vida Lavan (Alkaline salt) Barley-like alkali liquefies Kapha, aids ama expulsion, and lightens heavy digestion.

Audbhida Lavan (Earth-derived salt) Mineral soil salt scrapes deposits, invigorates agni, and clears grahani pathways.

Samudra Lavan (Sea salt) Oceanic salt hydrates, stimulates juices, and bulks stools effectively.

6. Trikatu – Shunthi (Zingiber officinale), Maricha (Piper nigrum), Pippali (Piper longum)

Trikatu synergistically burns endotoxins and ignites digestive fire in Vata-Kapha Grahani, penetrating channels with ushna-tikshna gunas to dispel gas, nausea, and fermentation. Katu rasa (pungent taste) enhances bioavailability, curbs diarrhea, and rejuvenates mucosa; their gingerine-piperine compounds deliver anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and motility-boosting effects against sedentary gut distress.

7. Hingu (Ferula asafoetida)

Hingu potently relieves spasmodic Vata pain and flatulence in Grahani Roga, expelling trapped wind and breaking the clusters with its ushna (heating), sara (mobile), and guru (heavy) gunas. Katu-rasa (pungent taste) stimulates agni, eases colic, and supports expulsion, asafoetida resin provides antispasmodic, carminative, and anti-microbial actions ideal for stress-induced dyspepsia and irregular bowels.

8. Ajamoda (Trachyspermum ammi)

Ajamoda excels in Vata-Pitta gut harmony for bloating, irregular stools, and poor digestion, clearing obstructions with tikshna (piercing), laghu (light), and ushna (heating) properties. Katu-kashaya rasa (pungent-astringent) dissolves gas, supports liver, and regulates peristalsis, thymol-rich seeds offer carminative, hepatotonic, and anti-flatulent benefits against junk food ama in modern Grahani.

9. Chavya (Piper chaba)

Chavya fiercely stimulates agni and combats chronic fermentation in grahani pathways, akin to Pippali, piercing deep blockages and revitalizing tissues. Its pungent taste enhances absorption and prevents relapse; its piperine analogs provide bioavailability boost, anti-inflammatory, and digestive-tonic effects for persistent Vata disorders.

10. Dadima Svarasa (Punica granatum Juice) – Bhavana Dravya (Trituration Medium)

Dadima Swarasa as trituration medium binds loose stools and balances Pitta in Grahani Roga, firming digestion with its kashaya (astringent), sheeta (cooling), and snigdha (unctuous) gunas while potentiating co-herbs. Its bitter-sweet taste nourishes body tissues, controls diarrhea, and clears the endotoxins, ellagic acid and tannins deliver antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, and tissue-protective effects, enhancing overall formulation potency through repeated trituration.

Method Of Preparation

Chitrakadi Vati is classically prepared through a meticulous powdering, mixing, and trituration process as detailed in Bhaishajya Ratnavali. Equal parts of finely powdered ingredients are thoroughly blended to form a homogeneous mixture, sieved through mesh no. 10 for uniformity. The powder is then subjected to repeated Bhavana (trituration) with Dadima Svarasa (pomegranate juice) until a cohesive, semisolid paste achieves the desired binding consistency, enhancing potency through herbal impregnation. This wet mass is pillared into small tablets (500 mg each) using hand-rolling or tablet punching machines, sun-dried or low-heat dehydrated to preserve thermolabile actives, then stored in airtight containers away from moisture.

Medicinal Properties

• Grahani dosha (malabsorption syndrome) Use Chitrakadi Vati with Takrarishta (15 ml) and warm water to ignite Jatharagni (digestive fire), normalize irregular stools, and clear grahani srotas blockages through Chitraka's piercing ama-scraping action.
• Agnimandya (Digestive weakness) Combine Chitrakadi Vati with Panchakola Churna (3 g) to kindle weak digestive fire, dispel fermentation, and resolve Vata-Pitta mediated indigestion via Trikatu's deep-penetrating bioavailability enhancement.
• Adhmana (Bloating-flatulence) Take Chitrakadi Vati with Hingutriguna Taila (3 drops) in warm water for potent carminative action, gas expulsion, and srotas unblocking through Hingu's mobile Vata-pacifying potency.
• Visham Jvara (Intermittent fever from endotoxins) Administer Chitrakadi Vati with Sudarshan Churna (3 g) and honey to burn endotoxins, regulate temperature, and pacify ama-janyajvara complications of gut toxicity.
• Diarrhea alternating constipation Pair Chitrakadi Vati with Bilvadi Churna (2 g) in buttermilk to firm loose stools, regulate peristalsis, and eliminate toxin-mediated bowel irregularity from dosha aggravation.
• Chardi-Anaha (Vomiting-abdominal distension) Use Chitrakadi Vati with Kutajarishta (20 ml) to control nausea, relieve colic, and balance Vata-Pitta overflow from chronic grahani dysfunction.

Impact On Dosha

Chitrakadi Vati predominantly pacifies Vata and Kapha doshas through its katu (pungent) taste, ushna (heating) potency, and tikshna-lekhana (piercing-scraping) qualities.

Indications

• Grahani dosha (malabsorption syndrome)
• Agnimandya (Weak digestive fire)
• IBS (Irritable bowel syndrome)
• Adhmana (Bloating and flatulence)
• Atisara-Anilamaya (Diarrhea with constipation)
• Chardi (Vomiting)
• Visham Jvara (Intermittent fever)

Dosage

500 mg once or twice daily.

Anupana (Adjuvant)

Warm water.
Butter milk

Why Planet Ayurveda’s Chitrakadi Vati

Planet Ayurveda Chitrakadi Vati excels due to its authentic classical formulation strictly adhering to classical standards, utilizing pure high-potency herbs sourced sustainably without fillers, binders, or adulterants, ensuring maximum therapeutic efficacy for Grahani Roga management. GMP-certified manufacturing guarantees precise bhavana with Dadima svarasa for optimal bioavailability, while rigorous physicochemical standardization, heavy metal testing, and microbial purity checks provide unmatched safety and batch consistency superior to mass-produced alternatives. Clinically trusted by Ayurvedic practitioners worldwide.

Conclusion

Chitrakadi Vati emerges as a time-tested Ayurvedic powerhouse for conquering Grahani Roga's modern epidemic, masterfully reigniting digestive fire while scraping deep-seated ama (endotoxins) and restoring gastrointestinal harmony through its synergistic Vata-Pitta pacification. By blending fiery Chitraka with Trikatu's bioavailability magic, Pancha Lavana's electrolyte wisdom, and Dadima's binding finesse, this classical gem transforms lifestyle-induced gut chaos into balanced vitality, offering practitioners a reliable ally against IBS-like fermentation, irregular bowels, and digestive distress. Embracing Chitrakadi Vati alongside a wholesome diet and daily routine promises not just symptom relief, but true digestive fire resuscitation and digestive tract rejuvenation for sustained gut wellness.