Abstract
Inula racemosa Hook. f., commonly known as Pushkarmool, is an important medicinal perennial herb belonging to the family Asteraceae. It is primarily distributed in the temperate alpine regions of the Himalayas, ranging from Kashmir to Kumaon and extending from Afghanistan to Central Nepal, typically at altitudes between 1,500 and 4,200 meters above sea level. The plant thrives particularly well in cold, arid environments of the north-western Himalayas, especially at elevations of 2,700–3,500 meters. Due to its extensive medicinal value and commercial demand, Pushkarmool has gained significant importance in traditional medicine systems, though its natural populations are now considered critically endangered in some regions.
Classical References Of Inula Racemosa/ Iris Germanica/ Orris Root/ Pushkarmool
- Bhavprakash Nighantu Haritkyadi varga
Scientific Classification Of Inula Racemosa/ Iris Germanica/ Orris Root/ Pushkarmool
- Kingdom – Plantae
- Subkingdom – Tracheobionta
- Super Division – Spermatophyta
- Division – Magnoliophyta
- Class – Magnoliopsida
- Subclass – Asteridae
- Order – Asterales
- Family – Asteraceae
- Genus – Inula
- Species – racemosa
Synonym Of Inula Racemosa/ Iris Germanica/ Orris Root/ Pushkarmool
- Padmapatra – Leaves resemble those of the lotus plant.
- Kashmira – Found abundantly in the Kashmir region.
- Kustha Bheda – Similar in properties or action to Kushta (Saussurea lappa).
- Poushkara
- Chiram – Refers to its long-standing therapeutic use.
- Jiham – Associated with tongue or throat-related benefits.
- Tirtha – Considered sacred or therapeutically valuable.
- Dhira – Indicates stabilizing or strengthening properties.
- Padma – Suggests lotus-like characteristics or purity.
- Puskarahva
- Brahmatirtha – Sacred medicinal herb with high therapeutic value.
- Mulam – Refers to the medicinal root part used.
- Vatahva – Helpful in balancing aggravated Vata dosha.
- Phala
- Patraka – Refers to its leaves or leaf-like characteristics.
- Viram – Suggests relief or cessation of disease symptoms.
- Svasari – Beneficial in respiratory disorders like cough or breathlessness.
- Sugandhikam – Indicates pleasant aromatic nature.
Vernacular Names Of Inula Racemosa/ Iris Germanica/ Orris Root/ Pushkarmool
- Latin Name – Inula racemosa
- English – Indian elecampane, Sunspear
- Hindi – Pushkarmool, Pokharmul
- Sanskrit – Kashmira, Poushkara, Puskara Mula, Sugandhikam, Padma
- Punjabi – Pokhar Mool
- Gujarati – Pokharmul
- Marathi – Pushkarmul, Pokhar Mool
- Assamese – Pohakarmul, Puskar
- Kannada – Pushkara Moola, Puskarmul
- Telugu – Pushkara Mulamu
- Tamil – Pushkarmulam / Puskarmulam
- Malayalam – Puskara / Puskkarmulam
- Oriya – Puskara
- Kashmiri – Poshkar
- Persian – Gharsa
- Arabic – Rasan
- Italian – Azurro, Iride Selvatica
- French – Lis Sauvage, Flambe
- German – Blaue Iris, Deutsche Lisch
Habitat Of Inula Racemosa/ Iris Germanica/ Orris Root/ Pushkarmool
Inula racemosa is mainly found in the temperate and alpine regions of the Western Himalayas, typically growing at altitudes ranging from about 5,000 to 14,000 feet. Its distribution extends from Kashmir to Kumaon and from Afghanistan to Nepal, where it thrives in cold climates and alpine scrub vegetation, particularly in areas like Ladakh (Leh). The plant prefers dry, mountainous habitats with well-drained soil and cool environmental conditions. Due to its high medicinal value, it is also cultivated in suitable Himalayan regions, although wild populations are declining because of overexploitation, habitat disturbance, and ecological competition.
Morphology Of Inula Racemosa/ Iris Germanica/ Orris Root/ Pushkarmool
Inula racemosa is a tall, robust perennial herb reaching about 30–150 cm in height, with a rough, grooved stem covered in scabrid-tomentose hairs. The basal leaves are large (about 20–45 × 12.5–20 cm), broad, elliptic to lanceolate with long stalks, while the lower leaves narrow into winged petioles; upper cauline leaves are smaller, oblong, semi-amplexicaul or stem-clasping, leathery, rough above and densely hairy beneath. The plant bears large yellow daisy-like flower heads (3.8–5 cm diameter) arranged in terminal spike-like clusters or racemes. Outer bracts are broad with triangular, recurved tips, whereas inner bracts are linear and pointed. The fruits are slender, hairless, cylindrical achenes about 4 mm long with a reddish pappus around 8 mm. The rootstock is branched with irregular fusiform roots having dull brown skin, yellowish interior, a slightly sweet camphoraceous odour, and a bitter taste; the root is the main useful medicinal part.
Special Note
There has been considerable scholarly disagreement regarding the identity of Pushkarmool. Some authors suggest that in its absence, Saussurea lappa (Kuth) may be used as a substitute, although it is unlikely that Pushkarmool was scarce in ancient times. Among modern scholars, Dr Desai identified Pushkarmool as Iris germanica, while also equating it with Balvach (Haimavati, Shvetvacha). Other scholars consider Pushkarmool to be Inula racemosa, which Dr Desai, however, regarded as Rasna, and he identified Balvach (Haimavati, Shvetvacha) as Iris versicolor. Many authors list the English name Orris Root for Pushkarmool, which botanically refers to the root of Iris florentina Linn. In markets such as Bombay, roots sold as Orris Root are often actually from Iris germanica, a closely related species with properties somewhat similar to Saussurea lappa. Some people mistakenly identify lotus root as Pushkarmool, which appears incorrect, and occasionally other substitute drugs used in place of Saussurea lappa are also taken as Pushkarmool, which is not considered appropriate.
Classical Categorisation Of Inula Racemosa/ Iris Germanica/ Orris Root/ Pushkarmool
- According to Charaka Samhita Shvashara (Herbs used to manage asthma), Hikkanigrahana (Herbs used to manage hiccups)
- According to Shushrut Samhita Phala Varga
- According to Bhavprakash Nighantu Haritkyadi varga
- According to Dhanwantari Nighantu Guduhyadi varga
Ancient Verse Of Inula Racemosa/ Iris Germanica/ Orris Root/ Pushkarmool
उक्तं पुष्करमूलं तु पौष्करं पुष्करश्च तत् ।
पद्मपत्रञ्च काश्मीरं कुष्ठभेदमिम जगुः ॥
पौष्कर कटुकं तिक्तमुक्तं वातकफज्वरान् ।
हन्ति शोथारुचिश्वासान्विशेषात्पार्श्वशूलनुत् ॥
(Bhavprakash Nighantu Haritakyadi varga 174-175)
According to the above shloka, Pohkarmool, also considered a variety related to Kuth, is known by several names such as Pushkarmool, Paushkara, Pushkara, Padmapatra, Kashmir, and Kushthabhed. It possesses a pungent and bitter taste and is traditionally used to alleviate disorders related to Vata and Kapha, fever, inflammation, loss of appetite, and respiratory problems like dyspnea. It is especially regarded as beneficial in relieving pain in the sides of the chest (parshvashool).
मूलं पुष्करमूलं च पौष्करं पुष्कराह्वयम् ।
काश्मीरं पुष्करजटा धीरं तत्पद्मपत्रकम् ॥
तिक्तं पुष्करमूलं तु कटूष्णं कफवातजित् ।
ज्वरारोचककासघ्नं शोफाष्मानविनाशनम् ॥
श्वासं हिक्कां जयत्येव सेव्यमानं शनैः शनैः ।
(Dhanwantari Nighantu Guduchyadi varga 65-66)
According to the above shloka, the herb is known by various synonyms such as Mula, Pauskara, Pushkarahvya, Kashmira, Pushkarjata, Dhira, and Padampatraka. It possesses a bitter and pungent taste with warming properties, helps pacify Vata and Kapha dosha, and acts as a febrifuge. Traditionally, it is used to manage anorexia, cough, oedema, abdominal distension, asthma, and hiccups due to its therapeutic and balancing effects on the body.
Ayurvedic Properties Of Inula Racemosa/ Iris Germanica/ Orris Root/ Pushkarmool
- Taste (Rasa) Bitter (Tikta), Pungent (Katu)
- Potency (Veerya) Hot Potency (Usna)
- Effect on tridosha Balance Vata and Kapha dosha
Therapeutic Indications Of Inula Racemosa/ Iris Germanica/ Orris Root/ Pushkarmool
- Best for respiratory issues Highly beneficial in hiccups, cough, asthma, and flank pain
- Jwarahara Helps reduce fever
- Arochakahara Improves appetite and relieves anorexia
- Kasaghna Useful in cough and cold
- Shophahara Anti-inflammatory applied externally for wounds and swelling
- Adhmanahara Relieves bloating and abdominal distension
- Shwasahara Helpful in asthma, COPD, and breathing disorders
- Hikkahara Effective in controlling hiccups
- Panduhara Supports anaemia and early liver disorders
- Respiratory support Has antihistamine and bronchodilatory effects
- Reproductive action Acts as an aphrodisiac and uterine stimulant
- Metabolic benefit Helps reduce fat and cholesterol used in weight management
- Antimicrobial action Shows antiviral and antibacterial properties
Systemic Actions Of Inula Racemosa/ Iris Germanica/ Orris Root/ Pushkarmool
External Use
Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory helps reduce foul odour, pain, and oedema. The powder may be sprinkled on wounds and applied over the flanks in asthma or respiratory discomfort.
Internal Use
1. Nervous System
Helps calm the nervous system and is beneficial in Vata-related disorders.
2. Digestive System
Acts as a carminative and digestive supports proper movement of doshas and is useful in loss of appetite, bloating, and abdominal distension.
3. Respiratory System
Pacifies Kapha dosha beneficial in cough (kasa), hiccups, breathing difficulty, pulmonary oedema, flank pain, and cough associated with tuberculosis. Also exhibits antihistamine and bronchodilatory actions.
4. Excretory System
Promotes urine output by stimulating kidney function helpful in dysuria.
5. Reproductive System
Stimulates uterine muscles, acts as an aphrodisiac, and is useful in dysmenorrhea.
6. Skin
Helpful in skin disorders and stimulates sweat gland activity.
7. Satmikarana
Supports fat metabolism (Medohara) beneficial in obesity, anaemia, and rheumatic heart conditions.
8. Tapakrama
Useful in Vata-Kapha type fever (Vatakapha jvara).
Chemical Composition Of Inula Racemosa/ Iris Germanica/ Orris Root/ Pushkarmool
1. Sesquiterpene Lactones (Major Constituents)
- Alantolactone (ALT)
- Isoalantolactone (IALT) – major component (~4:6 ratio with ALT)
- Dihydroalantolactone
- Dihydroisoalantolactone
- Inunolide and Dihydroinunolide
- Neoalantolactone, Isoalloalantolactone, Alloalantolactone
- Inunal, Isoinunal
- Alantodiene and Isoalantodiene
2. Sterols & Other Compounds
- β-Sitosterol
- Daucosterol
- D-Mannitol
- Inulin (polysaccharide)
3. Essential Oil Constituents
- Sesquiterpenoids (~60% of oil)
- Aplotaxene (Heptadeca-1,8,11,14-tetraene) – major compound
- α-Humulene, β-Farnesene, Ionone
- Phenylacetonitrile
4. Aerial Part Constituents
- Ivalin acetate
- 2-OH Alantolactone
- Costunolide derivatives and related lactones
Actions And Properties Of Various Chemical Constituents Of Inula Racemosa/ Iris Germanica/ Orris Root/ Pushkarmool
Anti-Asthmatic Activity
The anti-asthmatic effect of Inula racemosa (Pushkarmool) is mainly attributed to its sesquiterpene lactones, especially alantolactone and isoalantolactone, which possess strong anti-inflammatory and bronchodilatory properties. These compounds stabilize mast cells and inhibit histamine release, thereby reducing allergic reactions and airway inflammation associated with asthma. They also relax bronchial smooth muscles, helping to relieve bronchospasm and improve airflow. Essential oil constituents such as terpenoids add antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory effects, while inulin acts as an expectorant to clear mucus from the respiratory tract. Additional phytochemicals like β-sitosterol and daucosterol further support anti-inflammatory action, collectively making the herb useful in managing asthma and chronic bronchitis symptoms.
Analgesic Activity
The pain-relieving effect of Inula racemosa (Pushkarmool) in chest pain and flank discomfort is mainly due to sesquiterpene lactones such as alantolactone and isoalantolactone. These compounds exhibit strong anti-inflammatory action by inhibiting COX-2 enzymes and reducing inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6, which helps decrease tissue inflammation and pain. They also show antispasmodic and mild cardioprotective effects, improving blood flow and reducing discomfort associated with angina-like conditions. Volatile oils such as pinene and limonene contribute additional analgesic and anti-inflammatory benefits. Minor constituents like dihydroalantolactone, β-sitosterol, and daucosterol further support inflammation control.
Cardioprotective Activity
The cardioprotective effect of Inula racemosa (Pushkarmool) is mainly attributed to sesquiterpene lactones such as alantolactone and isoalantolactone, which possess strong antioxidant and anti-ischemic properties. These compounds help reduce oxidative stress by limiting lipid peroxidation and maintaining glutathione levels, thereby protecting cardiac tissues from free-radical damage. They also exhibit mild β-adrenergic blocking activity, which helps regulate heart rate and reduce cardiac workload. Additional constituents like dihydroalantolactone, inunolide, and β-sitosterol further support anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular protective actions. Studies suggest that root extracts enhance antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, improving heart function. Overall, these mechanisms help prevent myocardial injury, stabilise cardiac performance, and support heart health.
Anti-Diabetic Activity
The antidiabetic potential of Inula racemosa (Pushkarmool) is mainly linked to sesquiterpene lactones such as alantolactone and isoalantolactone, which help regulate blood glucose levels through multiple mechanisms. These compounds inhibit α-glucosidase activity, thereby slowing carbohydrate breakdown and reducing post-meal glucose spikes. They also enhance insulin sensitivity and improve peripheral glucose uptake, particularly in muscle tissues. Antioxidant constituents like flavonoids and inulin help reduce oxidative stress commonly associated with diabetes. Additionally, the herb supports liver glycogen storage, promoting better glucose metabolism. Together, these actions contribute to improved glycemic control and metabolic balance.
Practical Uses / Health Benefits Of Inula Racemosa/ Iris Germanica/ Orris Root/ Pushkarmool
- Low Pulse Rate Remedy A mixture of Akarakara (Anacyclus pyrethrum), Pushkarmool (Inula racemosa), Shrunga Bhasma (calcined deer horn, usually from Cervus elaphus), and Vamsha Lochana (Bambusa bambos) is traditionally taken with pomegranate juice about one hour before meals, twice daily.
- Skin Disorders A decoction of Pushkarmool (Inula racemosa) is applied externally for itching and skin diseases, while its root paste (sometimes prepared with cow urine) is traditionally used for scabies, ringworm, and similar conditions.
- Wound Healing & Toxic Conditions Pushkarmool (Inula racemosa) is considered helpful for infected skin lesions, reducing toxicity, and relieving pain.
- Respiratory & Digestive Uses Traditionally used in cough, chest/flank pain (parshva shoola), indigestion, loss of appetite, and some gallbladder disorders.
- Liver & Excretory Support Some traditional practitioners describe Pushkarmool (Inula racemosa) as mildly laxative and diuretic, beneficial in certain liver disorders.
- Dental Care The powdered root of Pushkarmool (Inula racemosa) is used as tooth powder for toothache, loose teeth, and bad breath small pieces may also be sucked for oral benefits.
- Other Uses It is used to fragrance medicated hair oils, and its paste is applied to minor wounds, boils, and skin eruptions for relief.
Parts Used Of Inula Racemosa/ Iris Germanica/ Orris Root/ Pushkarmool
- Root
Dosage Of Inula Racemosa/ Iris Germanica/ Orris Root/ Pushkarmool
Powder 250-2000 mg
Classical Products Of Inula Racemosa/ Iris Germanica/ Orris Root/ Pushkarmool
- Dashmularisht
- Kumaryasav
- Chavyakarisht
- Kankayan Vati
- Lodhrasav
Planet Ayurveda Products With Inula Racemosa/ Iris Germanica/ Orris Root/ Pushkarmool
Conclusion
Inula racemosa (Pushkarmool), often associated in traditional literature with Iris germanica (Orris Root), is a valued medicinal plant known for its wide therapeutic potential. It is traditionally used for respiratory disorders such as cough, asthma, and chest pain, as well as digestive, cardiac, and inflammatory conditions. Its bioactive constituents contribute to anti-inflammatory, bronchodilatory, cardioprotective, and antimicrobial effects. Additionally, it is applied externally for skin disorders, wounds, and oral care. Overall, Pushkarmool/Orris Root holds significant importance in traditional medicine due to its diverse pharmacological actions and holistic health benefits.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ’s)
1. What Is The Common Name Of Inula Racemosa?
The common name is Pushkarmool or Indian Elecampane, widely known in traditional medicine.
2. What Is The Hindi Name Of Inula Racemosa?
Its Hindi name is Pushkarmool / Pokharmul, commonly used in Ayurveda.
3. What Is The English Name Of Inula Racemosa?
The English name is Indian Elecampane, referring to its medicinal root.
4. What Is The Kashmiri Name Of Inula Racemosa?
In Kashmiri, it is commonly called Poshkar.
5. What Are The Benefits Of Inula Racemosa?
It is beneficial for cough, respiratory disorders, heart health, digestion, and inflammation due to its bronchodilatory and anti-inflammatory properties.
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